The Roofing Affordability Index ranks all 50 US states by how expensive a typical roof replacement is relative to local median household income. It divides an estimated state roof replacement cost by the state median household income from the 2023 American Community Survey, then ranks states from least affordable to most affordable. As of June 2026, West Virginia is the least affordable state for roof replacement at 15.96% of median annual household income, and Maryland is the most affordable at 9.05%.
This page is a proprietary research index published by The Roofing Brief. Every income figure is from a named primary source, every roof cost figure is a clearly labeled estimate, and the full method is published below so the index can be reproduced and cited.
Executive Summary
- The US national median household income was $77,719 in 2023 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year, 2023).
- The national average cost to replace a residential roof was approximately $9,600 in 2025, with a typical range of roughly $5,900 to $13,400 (Source: HomeAdvisor, 2025; corroborated by Pro-Mapper, 2025).
- West Virginia is the least affordable state in the index: an estimated $8,928 roof replacement equals 15.96% of its $55,948 median household income (calculated from Census ACS 2023 income and an estimated state roof cost).
- Maryland is the most affordable state: an estimated $8,928 roof replacement equals 9.05% of its $98,678 median household income (calculated from Census ACS 2023 income and an estimated state roof cost).
- The median state in the index spends 12.09% of one year of median household income on a typical roof replacement, and the mean across 50 states is 12.01% (Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- The gap between the least and most affordable state is 6.9 percentage points of annual income, a difference driven more by income than by construction cost, because the highest-cost state multiplier (1.25) is only about 1.56 times the lowest (0.80), while the highest state income ($99,858) is about 1.84 times the lowest ($54,203).
- Eight of the ten least affordable states had 2023 median household incomes below the national median of $77,719 (Census ACS 2023), confirming that income, not raw price, is the dominant driver of roofing unaffordability.
Key Findings
- Mississippi had the lowest 2023 median household income of any state at $54,203 (Census ACS 1-year, 2023).
- West Virginia had the second-lowest 2023 median household income at $55,948 and ranks as the least affordable state for roof replacement in this index (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- Massachusetts had the highest state median household income at $99,858 in 2023, just ahead of New Jersey at $99,781 (Census ACS 2023).
- The estimated state roof replacement cost ranged from $7,680 in Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina (0.80 cost multiplier) to $12,000 in Alaska (1.25 multiplier), based on a $9,600 national average and state construction-cost factors (Roofing Brief estimate using Roof Observations 2026 state factors).
- Roofing materials rose 45% between 2019 and May 2026, versus 31% for the Consumer Price Index, per The Roofing Brief’s Roofing Material Price Inflation Index (BLS Producer Price Index data).
- Michigan ranks second-least affordable at 14.29% of income, the result of a 1.03 construction multiplier paired with a below-median $69,183 household income (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- New York is the least affordable high-cost state, at 13.80% of income, because its 1.18 construction multiplier produces an estimated $11,328 roof cost against $82,095 income (Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- Maryland, Virginia, Utah, New Hampshire, and Colorado are the five most affordable states, each below 9.5% of annual income, all combining above-average income with at-or-below-average construction costs (Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- Alaska has the highest estimated absolute roof cost in the index at $12,000, yet ranks sixth-least affordable rather than first because its $88,121 median income is well above the national median (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- California carries the second-highest construction multiplier among the contiguous states at 1.15, but its $95,521 median income places it at a mid-pack 11.56% affordability ratio (Roofing Brief calculation, 2026).
- The United States had 24,532 employer roofing contractor establishments in 2022, per The Roofing Brief’s US Roofing Contractor Count Report (U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns, NAICS 238160).
- Labor accounts for roughly 50% to 60% of total roof replacement cost, averaging $3 to $7 per square foot, which is why state-level labor wage differences are the primary regional cost driver (Source: HomeAdvisor, 2025).
The Roofing Affordability Index: Full State Ranking
The table below ranks all 50 states from least affordable (rank 1, highest cost-to-income ratio) to most affordable (rank 50). The affordability ratio is the estimated roof replacement cost divided by the 2023 median household income, expressed as a percentage of one year of household income. Income figures are verified Census ACS 2023 data. Roof cost figures are clearly labeled estimates derived from a $9,600 national average and a state construction-cost multiplier, as explained in the Methodology.
| Rank | State | Median household income (ACS 2023) | State cost factor | Estimated roof cost (2025) | Affordability ratio (% of annual income) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | West Virginia | $55,948 | 0.93 | $8,928 | 15.96% |
| 2 | Michigan | $69,183 | 1.03 | $9,888 | 14.29% |
| 3 | Mississippi | $54,203 | 0.80 | $7,680 | 14.17% |
| 4 | New York | $82,095 | 1.18 | $11,328 | 13.80% |
| 5 | Kentucky | $61,118 | 0.87 | $8,352 | 13.67% |
| 6 | Alaska | $88,121 | 1.25 | $12,000 | 13.62% |
| 7 | Alabama | $62,212 | 0.88 | $8,448 | 13.58% |
| 8 | New Mexico | $62,268 | 0.88 | $8,448 | 13.57% |
| 9 | Louisiana | $58,229 | 0.82 | $7,872 | 13.52% |
| 10 | Missouri | $68,545 | 0.95 | $9,120 | 13.31% |
| 11 | Illinois | $80,306 | 1.10 | $10,560 | 13.15% |
| 12 | Arkansas | $58,700 | 0.80 | $7,680 | 13.08% |
| 13 | Iowa | $71,433 | 0.97 | $9,312 | 13.04% |
| 14 | Ohio | $67,769 | 0.92 | $8,832 | 13.03% |
| 15 | Oregon | $80,160 | 1.08 | $10,368 | 12.93% |
| 16 | Oklahoma | $62,138 | 0.83 | $7,968 | 12.82% |
| 17 | Wisconsin | $74,631 | 0.99 | $9,504 | 12.73% |
| 18 | Pennsylvania | $73,824 | 0.96 | $9,216 | 12.48% |
| 19 | Indiana | $69,477 | 0.90 | $8,640 | 12.44% |
| 20 | Connecticut | $91,665 | 1.18 | $11,328 | 12.36% |
| 21 | Montana | $70,804 | 0.91 | $8,736 | 12.34% |
| 22 | Kansas | $70,333 | 0.90 | $8,640 | 12.28% |
| 23 | Delaware | $82,174 | 1.05 | $10,080 | 12.27% |
| 24 | South Carolina | $67,804 | 0.86 | $8,256 | 12.18% |
| 25 | Rhode Island | $84,972 | 1.07 | $10,272 | 12.09% |
| 26 | Hawaii | $95,322 | 1.20 | $11,520 | 12.09% |
| 27 | Tennessee | $67,631 | 0.85 | $8,160 | 12.07% |
| 28 | Minnesota | $85,086 | 1.06 | $10,176 | 11.96% |
| 29 | Nevada | $76,364 | 0.95 | $9,120 | 11.94% |
| 30 | Wyoming | $72,415 | 0.90 | $8,640 | 11.93% |
| 31 | South Dakota | $71,810 | 0.89 | $8,544 | 11.90% |
| 32 | California | $95,521 | 1.15 | $11,040 | 11.56% |
| 33 | North Dakota | $76,525 | 0.92 | $8,832 | 11.54% |
| 34 | Massachusetts | $99,858 | 1.18 | $11,328 | 11.34% |
| 35 | Nebraska | $74,590 | 0.88 | $8,448 | 11.33% |
| 36 | Georgia | $74,632 | 0.88 | $8,448 | 11.32% |
| 37 | Idaho | $74,942 | 0.88 | $8,448 | 11.27% |
| 38 | Maine | $73,733 | 0.86 | $8,256 | 11.20% |
| 39 | Florida | $73,311 | 0.85 | $8,160 | 11.13% |
| 40 | North Carolina | $70,804 | 0.80 | $7,680 | 10.85% |
| 41 | New Jersey | $99,781 | 1.11 | $10,656 | 10.68% |
| 42 | Arizona | $77,315 | 0.86 | $8,256 | 10.68% |
| 43 | Washington | $94,605 | 1.05 | $10,080 | 10.65% |
| 44 | Texas | $75,780 | 0.82 | $7,872 | 10.39% |
| 45 | Vermont | $81,211 | 0.85 | $8,160 | 10.05% |
| 46 | Colorado | $92,911 | 0.91 | $8,736 | 9.40% |
| 47 | New Hampshire | $96,838 | 0.93 | $8,928 | 9.22% |
| 48 | Utah | $93,421 | 0.89 | $8,544 | 9.15% |
| 49 | Virginia | $89,931 | 0.85 | $8,160 | 9.07% |
| 50 | Maryland | $98,678 | 0.93 | $8,928 | 9.05% |
The index spans a 6.91 percentage point range, from 9.05% in Maryland to 15.96% in West Virginia. A state’s rank reflects the interaction of two inputs: the local construction cost factor and the local median household income. States cluster near the 12% median because moderate construction costs and moderate incomes tend to offset each other, while the extremes appear where the two inputs diverge sharply in the same direction.
Least Affordable States for Roof Replacement
The ten least affordable states share a common pattern: median household incomes at or below the national median, with construction costs that are average or above. West Virginia tops the list because it pairs the second-lowest state income ($55,948) with an above-average construction factor (0.93). Michigan is second because its 1.03 construction multiplier sits above the national average while its income ($69,183) sits below it.
| Rank | State | Affordability ratio | Median income (ACS 2023) | Estimated roof cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | West Virginia | 15.96% | $55,948 | $8,928 |
| 2 | Michigan | 14.29% | $69,183 | $9,888 |
| 3 | Mississippi | 14.17% | $54,203 | $7,680 |
| 4 | New York | 13.80% | $82,095 | $11,328 |
| 5 | Kentucky | 13.67% | $61,118 | $8,352 |
| 6 | Alaska | 13.62% | $88,121 | $12,000 |
| 7 | Alabama | 13.58% | $62,212 | $8,448 |
| 8 | New Mexico | 13.57% | $62,268 | $8,448 |
| 9 | Louisiana | 13.52% | $58,229 | $7,872 |
| 10 | Missouri | 13.31% | $68,545 | $9,120 |
New York and Alaska are the only two high-cost states in this group, and both appear because of elevated construction multipliers (1.18 and 1.25) rather than low income. The other eight states are unaffordable primarily because of low income, which is the clearest single finding of this index.
Most Affordable States for Roof Replacement
The ten most affordable states combine above-median incomes with at-or-below-average construction costs. Maryland is the most affordable because it pairs the fourth-highest state income ($98,678) with a below-average 0.93 construction factor. Virginia, Utah, New Hampshire, and Colorado follow the same logic.
| Rank | State | Affordability ratio | Median income (ACS 2023) | Estimated roof cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | New Jersey | 10.68% | $99,781 | $10,656 |
| 42 | Arizona | 10.68% | $77,315 | $8,256 |
| 43 | Washington | 10.65% | $94,605 | $10,080 |
| 44 | Texas | 10.39% | $75,780 | $7,872 |
| 45 | Vermont | 10.05% | $81,211 | $8,160 |
| 46 | Colorado | 9.40% | $92,911 | $8,736 |
| 47 | New Hampshire | 9.22% | $96,838 | $8,928 |
| 48 | Utah | 9.15% | $93,421 | $8,544 |
| 49 | Virginia | 9.07% | $89,931 | $8,160 |
| 50 | Maryland | 9.05% | $98,678 | $8,928 |
Texas is the most affordable large-population state at 10.39%, driven by a low 0.82 construction multiplier and a near-national-median income. New Jersey appears here despite a high 1.11 construction multiplier because its $99,781 income is the second-highest in the country.
Roof Replacement Cost Inputs
The national average roof replacement cost used as the index baseline is $9,600, drawn from contractor cost aggregators. HomeAdvisor reports a 2025 national average of $9,602, with most homeowners spending between $5,900 and $13,368 (Source: HomeAdvisor, 2025). Pro-Mapper reports a 2025 figure of about $9,500 for a standard 2,000 square foot home, with a national range of $5,800 to $13,500 (Source: Pro-Mapper, 2025). These two independent aggregators agree within roughly 1%, so the index uses a rounded $9,600 baseline.
| Cost input | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| National average roof replacement (2025) | $9,602 | HomeAdvisor, 2025 |
| National average, standard 2,000 sq ft home (2025) | ~$9,500 | Pro-Mapper, 2025 |
| Index baseline used (rounded) | $9,600 | Roofing Brief, 2026 |
| Typical per-square-foot range | $4 to $11 | HomeAdvisor, 2025 |
| Labor share of total cost | 50% to 60% | HomeAdvisor, 2025 |
Because labor is the majority of roof cost, and labor wages vary by state, the index applies a state construction-cost factor to the national baseline rather than treating roof cost as uniform. The state factors range from 0.80 (Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina) to 1.25 (Alaska), per construction-cost data compiled by Roof Observations (2026 update), which states that its figures are illustrative order-of-magnitude regional construction costs informed by RSMeans-style location factors. All state roof cost figures in this index are estimates and are labeled as such.
Affordability vs Median Income Context
The strongest pattern in the index is that median household income predicts affordability rank better than roof price does. The construction-cost multiplier spans a 1.56x range (0.80 to 1.25), while state median household income spans a 1.84x range ($54,203 in Mississippi to $99,858 in Massachusetts). Because income varies more than cost, income is the dominant variable.
This shows up at both extremes. Mississippi has the lowest construction multiplier in the country (0.80, tied), which should make it cheap, yet it ranks third-least affordable because its income is the lowest in the nation. Massachusetts has one of the highest construction multipliers (1.18), which should make it expensive, yet it ranks 34th, comfortably in the affordable half, because its income is the highest. The index therefore measures a household-economics outcome, not a contractor-pricing outcome.
| Metric | Value | State |
|---|---|---|
| Highest income | $99,858 | Massachusetts |
| Lowest income | $54,203 | Mississippi |
| Highest cost factor | 1.25 | Alaska |
| Lowest cost factor | 0.80 | AR, MS, NC |
| Median affordability ratio | 12.09% | 50-state median |
| Least affordable | 15.96% | West Virginia |
| Most affordable | 9.05% | Maryland |
Original Synthesis
Three original derived insights are built only from the verified public datasets cited on this page.
1. The Roofing Affordability Index (proprietary ranking)
Formula: Affordability ratio = (national average roof cost x state construction-cost factor) / state median household income, expressed as a percentage. Inputs: national average roof cost $9,600 (HomeAdvisor and Pro-Mapper, 2025); state construction-cost factors (Roof Observations, 2026); state median household income (Census ACS 1-year, 2023). Result: a full 50-state ranking with West Virginia least affordable (15.96%) and Maryland most affordable (9.05%). Limitation: the state roof cost is an estimate derived from a national average and a state factor, not a measured state-level transaction price, so absolute dollar figures should be treated as order-of-magnitude estimates while the relative ranking is the durable output.
2. Income dominates cost as the affordability driver
Logic: compare the dispersion of the two inputs. The construction-cost factor ranges 0.80 to 1.25 (a 1.56x spread); median household income ranges $54,203 to $99,858 (a 1.84x spread). Inputs: Roof Observations 2026 factors; Census ACS 2023 income. Result: because income varies more than cost, income rank correlates with affordability rank more strongly than cost rank does, which is why the lowest-cost state (Mississippi) still ranks third-least affordable. Limitation: this is a dispersion comparison, not a formal regression; a richer model would weight by housing stock and roof size.
3. The affordability premium of low-income roofing markets
Logic: eight of the ten least affordable states had below-national-median incomes in 2023, and roofing materials rose 45% from 2019 to May 2026 versus 31% for CPI (Roofing Material Price Inflation Index, BLS PPI). Inputs: Census ACS 2023 income; Roofing Brief PPI index. Result: material inflation outpacing general inflation tightens roof affordability fastest in low-income states, where the same dollar increase consumes a larger share of household income. Limitation: the PPI series is national, so it does not capture state-level material price variation.
Charts We Recommend
- Choropleth map of the Roofing Affordability Index. Data needed: the 50-state affordability ratios. Source: this index. Insight: regional clustering of unaffordability in Appalachia and the Deep South. Citation-worthy because it visualizes a proprietary state ranking at a glance.
- Scatter plot of median income vs affordability ratio. Data needed: ACS 2023 income and index ratio per state. Source: Census ACS 2023 and this index. Insight: the downward slope confirms income as the dominant driver. Citation-worthy because it makes the core finding falsifiable.
- Bar chart of the ten least affordable vs ten most affordable states. Data needed: top and bottom 10 ratios. Source: this index. Insight: the 6.9 point spread between extremes. Citation-worthy as a clean headline visual.
- Dual-axis chart of state cost factor vs income. Data needed: cost factor and income per state. Source: Roof Observations 2026 and Census ACS 2023. Insight: shows where cost and income diverge to produce extreme ranks. Citation-worthy for explaining the mechanism.
Methodology
Source selection criteria: income data must come from the most recent fully published 1-year American Community Survey at the state level; cost data must come from a named, current source and be labeled as an estimate. Inclusion rule: a state is included only if it has both a verified ACS 2023 income figure and a published construction-cost factor. Exclusion rule: the District of Columbia is excluded because a comparable construction-cost factor was not available in the cited cost source, and no figure was fabricated to fill the gap.
Calculation: estimated state roof cost = $9,600 national average x state construction-cost factor. Affordability ratio = estimated state roof cost / state median household income x 100. States are ranked from highest ratio (least affordable, rank 1) to lowest ratio (most affordable, rank 50). All cost dollar figures are rounded to the nearest dollar; ratios are rounded to two decimals.
Handling conflicting numbers: the national roof cost baseline reconciles HomeAdvisor ($9,602) and Pro-Mapper (~$9,500) by rounding to $9,600, within 1% of both. Income figures use the single authoritative Census ACS 2023 1-year release as restated in a public table; no income figure was averaged across sources.
Data limitations: state roof costs are estimates, not measured transaction prices, so absolute figures carry more uncertainty than the relative ranking. The construction-cost factors are described by their publisher as illustrative order-of-magnitude figures. Income is from 2023, while roof costs reflect 2025 to 2026, so the ratio mixes a 2023 income denominator with a current-cost numerator; this is disclosed and affects absolute ratios but not the within-year ranking, since both inputs are applied uniformly. The index assumes a standard asphalt-shingle roof on a typical single-family home and does not adjust for roof size, pitch, or material differences between states. Last updated: June 29, 2026.
Source Quality and Tiering
Tier 1 (primary government and official industry data):
- U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year, 2023, median household income by state (Table B19013 / S1901), via the Census ACS “Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023” release.
- U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2022 (NAICS 238160), via The Roofing Brief US Roofing Contractor Count Report.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Index, via The Roofing Brief Roofing Material Price Inflation Index.
Tier 2 (credible market research and cost aggregators):
- HomeAdvisor 2025 national roof replacement cost data.
- Pro-Mapper 2025 roof replacement cost guide.
- Roof Observations 2026 relative construction-cost factors by state.
Tier 3 (reputable trade commentary):
- SquareDash 2026 roof replacement cost-by-state analysis (used for directional corroboration of state cost variation, not as an index input).
Most Quotable Statistics
- West Virginia is the least affordable US state for roof replacement, costing 15.96% of median annual household income (The Roofing Brief, Roofing Affordability Index, 2026).
- Maryland is the most affordable US state for roof replacement, at 9.05% of median annual household income (The Roofing Brief, 2026).
- The median US state spends 12.09% of one year of household income on a typical roof replacement (The Roofing Brief, 2026).
- US median household income was $77,719 in 2023 (U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 1-year, 2023).
- The national average roof replacement cost was about $9,600 in 2025 (HomeAdvisor and Pro-Mapper, 2025).
- Roofing materials rose 45% from 2019 to May 2026, versus 31% for CPI (The Roofing Brief Roofing Material Price Inflation Index, BLS PPI).
- Eight of the ten least affordable roofing states had below-national-median household incomes in 2023 (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief, 2026).
Data Limitations
- State roof replacement costs are estimates derived from a national average and a state construction-cost factor, not measured state transaction prices.
- Construction-cost factors are described by their publisher as illustrative order-of-magnitude figures.
- The index mixes a 2023 income denominator with 2025 to 2026 cost numerators; this is disclosed.
- The District of Columbia is excluded for lack of a comparable cost factor.
- The index assumes a standard asphalt-shingle roof and does not adjust for roof size, pitch, or material mix by state.
Recommended Downloadable Dataset Fields
- state_name
- median_household_income_acs_2023
- state_construction_cost_factor
- national_avg_roof_cost_baseline
- estimated_state_roof_cost
- affordability_ratio_pct
- affordability_rank
- income_source
- cost_factor_source
- last_updated
Press Summary
The Roofing Brief’s Roofing Affordability Index ranks all 50 US states by the share of median annual household income required to replace a typical roof. It divides an estimated state roof replacement cost, built from a $9,600 national average and a state construction-cost factor, by the 2023 American Community Survey median household income for that state. As of June 2026, West Virginia is the least affordable state at 15.96% of annual income, while Maryland is the most affordable at 9.05%. The median state sits at 12.09%. The index’s central finding is that household income, not contractor pricing, drives roofing affordability: income varies 1.84x across states while construction costs vary only 1.56x, so low-income states such as Mississippi rank as unaffordable even where construction costs are the nation’s lowest. State cost figures are clearly labeled estimates; income figures are verified Census data.
Five Headlines Journalists Can Use
- West Virginia Is the Hardest Place in America to Afford a New Roof, New Index Finds
- A New Roof Costs Marylanders Half the Income Share It Costs West Virginians
- Why Low-Income States Pay the Steepest Price for a Roof, Even When Labor Is Cheap
- The Median US Household Spends 12% of a Year’s Income on a Roof Replacement
- Income, Not Contractor Pricing, Drives America’s Roofing Affordability Gap
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Roofing Affordability Index?
It is a proprietary ranking of all 50 US states by the share of median annual household income needed to replace a typical roof, calculated as estimated state roof cost divided by state median household income (The Roofing Brief, 2026).
Which state is least affordable for roof replacement?
West Virginia, where a typical roof replacement equals 15.96% of the 2023 median household income of $55,948 (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief, 2026).
Which state is most affordable for roof replacement?
Maryland, where a typical roof replacement equals 9.05% of the 2023 median household income of $98,678 (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief, 2026).
What is the national average roof replacement cost?
About $9,600 in 2025, with a typical range of roughly $5,900 to $13,400 (HomeAdvisor and Pro-Mapper, 2025).
What median income data does the index use?
State median household income from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2023 American Community Survey 1-year estimates, where the US figure was $77,719 (Census ACS 2023).
Are the state roof costs measured prices?
No. They are estimates calculated from a $9,600 national average and a state construction-cost factor ranging from 0.80 to 1.25, and they are labeled as estimates (Roof Observations 2026; Roofing Brief, 2026).
Why does Mississippi rank as unaffordable despite low construction costs?
Mississippi has the nation’s lowest median household income at $54,203, so even the lowest construction cost factor (0.80) consumes 14.17% of annual income (Census ACS 2023; Roofing Brief, 2026).
How much of total roof cost is labor?
Roughly 50% to 60%, which is why state wage differences drive most of the regional cost variation (HomeAdvisor, 2025).
How fast are roofing material prices rising?
Roofing materials rose 45% from 2019 to May 2026, versus 31% for the Consumer Price Index (The Roofing Brief Roofing Material Price Inflation Index, BLS PPI).
How many roofing contractors operate in the US?
The US had 24,532 employer roofing contractor establishments in 2022 (U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns, via The Roofing Brief US Roofing Contractor Count Report).
Cite This Research
The Roofing Brief, “The Roofing Affordability Index: All 50 States Ranked by Roof Cost vs Income (2026)”, 2026, https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-affordability-index/
Embed or use this with credit: “Source: The Roofing Brief Roofing Affordability Index (2026), based on U.S. Census Bureau ACS 2023 income and estimated state roof costs.”
Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, “Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023,” American Community Survey 1-year, 2024. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/acs/acsbr-023.html
- U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, Table B19013 Median Household Income, 2023. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2023.B19013
- HomeAdvisor, “How Much Does Roof Replacement Cost? [2025 Data],” 2025. https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/roofing/install-a-roof/
- Pro-Mapper, “Roof Replacement Cost Calculator and 2025 Price Guide,” 2025. https://www.pro-mapper.com/roofing/roof-replacement-cost/
- Roof Observations, “Relative Construction Costs by U.S. State (2026 Update).” https://roofobservations.com/relative-construction-costs-by-state/
- SquareDash, “Roof Replacement Cost by State: 2026 Price Comparison.” https://www.squaredash.com/blog/roof-replacement-cost-by-state
- The Roofing Brief, “US Roofing Contractor Count Report,” 2026. https://theroofingbrief.com/us-roofing-contractor-count-report/
- The Roofing Brief, “Roofing Material Price Inflation Index,” 2026. https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-material-price-inflation-index/