Roofing ranks among the three deadliest occupations in the United States. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics recorded 104 fatal work injuries among roofers (occupation, SOC 47-2181) in 2024, at a roofer fatal injury rate of 48.7 deaths per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers, roughly 14.8 times the all-occupations rate of 3.3 (BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2024). Falls cause the large majority of roofer deaths, and fall protection has been the most frequently cited federal safety standard for 15 consecutive years. This briefing aggregates federal fatality, injury, and enforcement data, labels each figure by its measure, and reports government figures only.
Executive Summary
- Roofers as an occupation (Standard Occupational Classification 47-2181) recorded 104 fatal work injuries in 2024, down from 113 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The roofer-occupation fatal injury rate (SOC 47-2181) was 48.7 per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers in 2024, the third-highest of any U.S. civilian occupation, behind logging workers at 110.4 and fishing and hunting workers at 88.8 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- In 2023, 95 of 113 roofer (occupation) deaths, about 84 percent, were caused by falls, slips, or trips (BLS CFOI, 2023).
- The roofer fatality rate of 48.7 per 100,000 in 2024 was roughly 14.8 times the all-occupations rate of 3.3 and about 5.3 times the construction-industry rate of 9.2 (derived from BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Fall Protection, General Requirements (29 CFR 1926.501) was the most frequently cited OSHA standard for the 15th consecutive year in fiscal year 2025, with roughly 5,914 citations (OSHA, FY2025 Top 10).
- The construction industry recorded 1,034 fatal work injuries in 2024, down from 1,075 in 2023, at a rate of 9.2 per 100,000 FTE (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Falls, slips, and trips caused 389 construction-industry deaths in 2024, about 38 percent of all construction fatalities (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The private-industry nonfatal total recordable case (TRC) rate fell to 2.3 cases per 100 FTE workers in 2024, the lowest in the series back to 2003 (BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 2024).
Key Findings
- Roofers as an occupation experienced 104 fatal work injuries in 2024 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The roofer-occupation fatal injury rate (SOC 47-2181) was 48.7 per 100,000 FTE workers in 2024, paired with the 104 roofer-occupation deaths that year (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Roofers ranked as the third-highest civilian occupation by fatal injury rate in 2024, behind logging (110.4) and fishing and hunting (88.8) (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The roofer-occupation fatal injury rate (SOC 47-2181) was 51.8 per 100,000 in 2023 and 57.5 per 100,000 in 2022, indicating a multi-year decline in the rate (BLS CFOI, 2023; CPWR Construction Chart Book Data Bulletin, July 2024, citing BLS). Roofers ranked third by occupation rate in 2023, behind logging (98.9) and fishing and hunting (86.9) (BLS CFOI, 2023).
- Separately, the roofing INDUSTRY (NAICS 238160) recorded 134 deaths in 2023, a broader population (all roofing-contractor employees) than the 113 roofer-occupation deaths; the 134 industry count must not be paired with the 51.8 occupation rate as if they were the same population (BLS CFOI, 2023).
- From 2020 to 2022, the roofer fatality rate rose 22.3 percent before declining through 2024 (CPWR Data Bulletin, July 2024, citing BLS CFOI).
- In 2023, about 84 percent of roofer-occupation deaths (95 of 113) were caused by falls, slips, or trips (BLS CFOI, 2023).
- The U.S. recorded 5,070 total fatal work injuries in 2024, down 4.0 percent from 5,283 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The all-occupations fatal injury rate was 3.3 per 100,000 FTE workers in 2024 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The construction industry recorded 1,034 fatal work injuries in 2024, down from 1,075 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The construction-industry fatal injury rate was 9.2 per 100,000 FTE in 2024, down from 9.6 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Falls, slips, and trips caused 389 construction-industry deaths in 2024, about 38 percent of construction fatalities (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Among construction and extraction occupations, fatal falls, slips, and trips fell to 370 in 2024 from 400 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- Fall Protection, General Requirements (29 CFR 1926.501) topped OSHA’s most-cited list for the 15th straight year in FY2025, with about 5,914 citations (OSHA, FY2025).
- Roofers held about 166,700 jobs in May 2024 at a median annual wage of $50,970 (BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2024).
- The private-industry nonfatal total recordable case rate fell to 2.3 per 100 FTE in 2024, the lowest since at least 2003 (BLS SOII, 2024).
Roofer Fatalities: Occupation vs Industry
Two distinct federal measures describe roofing deaths, and they are not interchangeable. The occupation measure, Standard Occupational Classification 47-2181 (Roofers), counts workers whose job is roofing regardless of their employer’s industry, and it is the basis for the published roofer fatal injury rate. The industry measure, North American Industry Classification System code 238160 (Roofing contractors), counts all workers at roofing-contractor establishments, including office and support staff. The two produce different death counts in the same year: in 2023 the roofing INDUSTRY recorded 134 deaths while the roofer OCCUPATION recorded 113 deaths (BLS CFOI, 2023). The 134 industry count is a broader population and must not be paired with the 51.8 occupation rate as if it were the same group.
The BLS “Civilian occupations with high fatal work injury rates” chart, which is occupation-based, places roofers at 48.7 per 100,000 FTE in 2024 and 51.8 in 2023, behind only logging and fishing and hunting workers in each year. The table below presents the occupation rates and pairs them with the occupation death counts.
| Year | Roofer-occupation deaths (SOC 47-2181) | Roofer-occupation fatal injury rate (per 100,000 FTE) | Rank among civilian occupations by rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Not separately reported here | 57.5 | Highest among construction and extraction occupations (CPWR) |
| 2023 | 113 | 51.8 | 3rd (behind logging 98.9, fishing and hunting 86.9) |
| 2024 | 104 | 48.7 | 3rd (behind logging 110.4, fishing and hunting 88.8) |
Sources: BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2024; BLS CFOI, 2023, as reported by Roofing Contractor; CPWR Construction Chart Book Data Bulletin, July 2024, citing BLS hours-based fatal injury rates. The roofer-occupation rate fell from 57.5 in 2022 to 51.8 in 2023 and 48.7 in 2024, and roofers remained the third-deadliest civilian occupation by rate in both 2023 and 2024. The occupation death count fell from 113 in 2023 to 104 in 2024. Separately, the roofing INDUSTRY (NAICS 238160) recorded 134 deaths in 2023, a different and broader population than the roofer occupation; that 134 industry figure is not the denominator population for the 51.8 occupation rate.
Falls: The Dominant Cause of Roofer Death
Falls, slips, and trips are the defining hazard of roofing work. In 2023, 95 of the 113 roofer deaths, about 84 percent, resulted from falls, slips, or trips, with another 13 deaths (about 11 percent) from exposure to harmful substances or environments (BLS CFOI, 2023). At the construction-industry level, falls, slips, and trips caused 389 of the 1,034 industry deaths in 2024, about 38 percent of the total (BLS CFOI, 2024).
| Measure | 2023 | 2024 | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Construction-industry fatalities, all causes | 1,075 | 1,034 | BLS CFOI |
| Construction-industry fatal injury rate (per 100,000 FTE) | 9.6 | 9.2 | BLS CFOI |
| Construction-industry fatal falls, slips, trips | 421 | 389 | BLS CFOI |
| Construction and extraction occupations, fatal falls, slips, trips | 400 | 370 | BLS CFOI |
The 2024 declines in both the construction count and the construction rate continued a year-over-year improvement. Federal data do not establish a single cause for the decline, and one year of movement does not by itself signal a durable trend. The share of construction deaths attributable to falls, about 38 percent in 2024, has remained the largest single category for years (BLS CFOI, 2024).
OSHA Enforcement: Fall Protection Leads Every Year
OSHA publishes an annual ranking of its most frequently cited standards. Fall Protection, General Requirements (29 CFR 1926.501), the rule requiring fall protection for construction work at six feet or more above a lower level, has been the single most-cited standard for 15 consecutive years through fiscal year 2025 (OSHA, FY2025 Top 10 Most Frequently Cited Standards). Several other standards central to roofing safety also appear in the top 10.
| Rank (FY2025) | Standard | Description | Approx. citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 CFR 1926.501 | Fall Protection, general requirements (construction) | 5,914 |
| 3 | 29 CFR 1926.1053 | Ladders (construction) | 2,405 |
| 6 | 29 CFR 1926.451 | Scaffolding (construction) | 1,905 |
| 7 | 29 CFR 1926.503 | Fall Protection Training (construction) | 1,907 |
Sources: OSHA, Top 10 Most Frequently Cited Standards, fiscal year 2025 (October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025). OSHA’s published top-10 page lists the standards by rank; the citation counts above are as reported by safety-industry summaries of OSHA’s FY2025 release and should be treated as approximate pending OSHA’s final tabulation. The persistence of 1926.501 at rank one indicates that fall hazards remain the most commonly identified violation across all OSHA-inspected industries, not roofing alone.
Penalties in Roofing-Related Cases
OSHA penalty maximums are adjusted annually for inflation. For citations issued in 2025, the maximum was $16,550 per serious violation and $165,514 per willful or repeated violation (OSHA, Penalties, 2025 adjustment). Roofing-related enforcement actions in 2024 produced individual proposed-penalty totals ranging from roughly $46,000 to more than $687,000 across the year’s largest cases, and every one of the year’s ten largest roofing-related penalties included a fall-protection citation (Roofing Contractor, “Top 10 Largest Roofing-Related OSHA Penalties of 2024,” reporting OSHA enforcement actions). This briefing reports these figures in aggregate and does not identify individual employers.
Nonfatal Injuries and Illnesses
The BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) measures recordable nonfatal cases. In 2024, the private-industry total recordable case (TRC) rate was 2.3 cases per 100 FTE workers, down from 2.4 in 2023 and the lowest in the series dating to 2003 (BLS SOII, 2024). Construction’s TRC rate was about 2.3 in 2024 (BLS SOII, 2024). Roofing-specific nonfatal rates run well above the construction average; trade reporting places the roofing total recordable incident rate near 5.0 in 2023, roughly double the construction-sector figure, though this roofing-specific value is a secondary estimate and should be confirmed against the BLS Table 1 detailed-industry file for NAICS 238160 before citation.
| Group | TRC rate per 100 FTE, 2023 | TRC rate per 100 FTE, 2024 | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| All private industry | 2.4 | 2.3 | BLS SOII |
| Construction (NAICS 23) | approx. 2.3 | approx. 2.3 | BLS SOII |
| Roofing contractors (NAICS 238160) | approx. 5.0 (secondary estimate) | not confirmed | Trade reporting of BLS data |
Nonfatal injury counts in roofing are widely understood to be undercounted because the SOII excludes the self-employed and very small establishments, which are common in roofing. The fatal-injury census (CFOI) is more complete than the nonfatal survey for this trade, so the fatality figures in this briefing are higher-confidence than the nonfatal rates.
The Roofing Workforce
Roofers held about 166,700 jobs in May 2024 at a median annual wage of $50,970 (BLS OEWS, May 2024). The U.S. Census Bureau counted roughly 23,690 roofing-contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) employing about 201,727 workers as of the 2020 Census reference data, the most recent comprehensive establishment count located for this briefing. The gap between the OEWS occupation count and the industry employment count reflects support staff at roofing firms and roofers employed outside the roofing-contractor industry.
Original Synthesis
The following insights are derived only from the verified federal datasets cited above. Each states its formula, inputs, and limitations.
1. Roofer Risk Ratio: Roofing vs Construction vs All Occupations (2024)
Formula: roofer-occupation fatal injury rate divided by the comparison rate, using BLS CFOI 2024 figures. Roofer-occupation rate 48.7 per 100,000 FTE. All-occupations rate 3.3 per 100,000 FTE. Construction-industry rate 9.2 per 100,000 FTE.
- Roofer vs all occupations: 48.7 / 3.3 = approximately 14.8 times the average worker’s fatal-injury risk.
- Roofer vs construction industry: 48.7 / 9.2 = approximately 5.3 times the average construction worker’s fatal-injury risk.
Inputs: BLS CFOI, 2024. Limitations: the roofer figure is occupation-based (SOC 47-2181), the all-occupations rate is occupation-based, and the construction comparison rate is industry-based (NAICS 23), so the roofer-to-construction ratio mixes an occupation rate with an industry rate and is an approximation; rates use FTE denominators that may understate exposure where overtime is common. The ratios are order-of-magnitude comparisons, not precise relative risks.
2. Fall Share of Roofer Deaths (2023)
Formula: roofer-occupation deaths from falls, slips, and trips divided by total roofer-occupation deaths (SOC 47-2181), BLS CFOI 2023. 95 fall-related deaths / 113 total roofer deaths = 84.1 percent.
Inputs: BLS CFOI, 2023. Limitations: the 2024 reference year confirms 104 total roofer deaths but the public summary located for this briefing reported the fall breakdown for 2023; the 2024 fall-share for the roofer occupation specifically should be confirmed against the BLS CFOI 2024 detailed tables before citation. The fall share has been consistently near or above 80 percent in recent years.
3. Three-Year Rate Trend Index (Roofer Occupation, 2022 to 2024)
Formula: index each year’s roofer-occupation rate to the 2022 base of 57.5 per 100,000 FTE. 2022 = 100. 2023 = 51.8 / 57.5 = 90.1. 2024 = 48.7 / 57.5 = 84.7.
Interpretation: the roofer-occupation fatal-injury rate fell about 15.3 percent from 2022 to 2024, and the occupation death count fell from 113 in 2023 to 104 in 2024. Inputs: BLS CFOI 2022, 2023, 2024 (occupation rates, SOC 47-2181); 2022 base rate from CPWR Data Bulletin (July 2024) citing BLS. Limitations: three data points do not establish a durable trend; the 2022 rate is drawn from CPWR’s presentation of BLS hours-based rates rather than directly from a BLS table fetched for this briefing, and small year-to-year changes in a lower-count occupation should be read with caution.
Charts We Recommend
- Roofer-occupation fatal injury rate, 2022 to 2024. Data: 57.5, 51.8, 48.7 per 100,000 FTE (occupation rates, SOC 47-2181). Source: BLS CFOI. Insight: a declining but still extreme rate. Citation-worthy because it shows roofing improving yet remaining top-three deadly.
- Deadliest occupations by rate, 2024. Data: logging 110.4, fishing and hunting 88.8, roofers 48.7 per 100,000 FTE. Source: BLS CFOI 2024. Insight: roofing’s place in the national top three. Highly quotable ranking.
- Cause of roofer death, 2023. Data: falls/slips/trips 84 percent, harmful substances 11 percent. Source: BLS CFOI 2023. Insight: falls dominate, framing the prevention priority.
- OSHA Top 10 cited standards, FY2025. Data: 1926.501 leads with about 5,914 citations. Source: OSHA. Insight: fall protection’s 15-year streak at number one.
- Roofer risk multiple vs average worker. Data: 14.8x all occupations, 5.3x construction. Source: derived from BLS CFOI 2024. Insight: a single, sticky comparison figure for headlines.
Methodology
Source selection prioritized primary federal datasets: the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) for fatality counts and rates, the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) for nonfatal rates, BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) for workforce size and wages, and OSHA enforcement data for citations and penalties. The CPWR Construction Chart Book Data Bulletin was used only where it presents BLS source data, and is labeled as such. Secondary trade reporting (Roofing Contractor, Construction Dive) was used only to relay BLS or OSHA figures, never as an original source of statistics.
The latest CFOI reference year is 2024, released by BLS on February 19, 2026. The latest SOII reference year is 2024, released January 22, 2026. OSHA’s most-cited-standards ranking reflects fiscal year 2025 (October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025). Where occupation-based (SOC 47-2181) and industry-based (NAICS 238160) figures both exist, both are reported and labeled to avoid conflation. Conflicting numbers were resolved in favor of the figure tied to the most recent BLS reference year. Derived figures (risk ratios, fall share, trend index) are computed only from the cited BLS values and their formulas are shown. Limitations: BLS.gov pages could not be fetched directly during preparation due to access restrictions; the BLS figures here were confirmed through BLS-sourced search summaries and BLS data relayed by CPWR and named trade publications, and editors should re-verify each figure against the live BLS table before publication. Last updated: June 29, 2026.
Source Quality and Tiering
Tier 1 (primary government and official data): U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), 2022 to 2024; BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), 2023 to 2024; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024; U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Top 10 Most Frequently Cited Standards (FY2025) and Penalties; U.S. Census Bureau establishment data for NAICS 238160.
Tier 2 (credible research and trade bodies presenting primary data): CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, Construction Chart Book Data Bulletin (July 2024), presenting BLS CFOI data.
Tier 3 (reputable journalism relaying primary data): Construction Dive and Roofing Contractor reporting of BLS CFOI 2024 and OSHA enforcement figures.
Most Quotable Statistics
- Roofers had a fatal-injury rate of 48.7 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers in 2024, the third-highest of any U.S. civilian occupation (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- A roofer’s fatal-injury risk in 2024 was about 14.8 times that of the average U.S. worker (derived from BLS CFOI, 2024).
- About 84 percent of roofer-occupation deaths in 2023 were caused by falls, slips, or trips (BLS CFOI, 2023).
- Fall Protection, 29 CFR 1926.501, has been OSHA’s most-cited standard for 15 straight years through FY2025 (OSHA, FY2025).
- The construction industry recorded 1,034 fatal work injuries in 2024, with 389 from falls, slips, and trips (BLS CFOI, 2024).
- The roofer-occupation fatal-injury rate fell from 57.5 per 100,000 in 2022 to 48.7 in 2024, a drop of about 15 percent (BLS CFOI; CPWR, citing BLS).
Data Limitations
- Occupation (SOC 47-2181) and industry (NAICS 238160) roofing counts measure different populations and must not be merged.
- Nonfatal SOII rates exclude the self-employed and the smallest establishments, common in roofing, so roofing nonfatal injuries are likely undercounted.
- The roofing-specific nonfatal rate near 5.0 (2023) is a secondary estimate and must be confirmed against the BLS Table 1 detailed-industry file before citation.
- OSHA FY2025 citation counts above are reported by industry summaries of OSHA’s release and are approximate pending OSHA’s final tabulation.
- Fatal-injury rates use full-time-equivalent denominators that may not capture overtime exposure in seasonal trades.
- Year-to-year changes in a lower-count, high-variance occupation should be read as movement, not necessarily as durable trends.
- BLS.gov pages could not be fetched directly during preparation; editors should re-verify each BLS figure against the live source.
Recommended Downloadable Dataset Fields
- reference_year
- measure_type (fatal_count, fatal_rate, nonfatal_TRC_rate, citation_count, penalty_amount)
- classification_system (SOC or NAICS)
- classification_code (47-2181 or 238160)
- value
- unit (deaths, per_100000_FTE, per_100_FTE, citations, USD)
- cause_of_death (falls_slips_trips, harmful_substances, transportation, contact_with_objects, other)
- geography (national, state)
- source_agency (BLS_CFOI, BLS_SOII, BLS_OEWS, OSHA, Census)
- source_url
- release_date
- confidence (high, medium, low)
Press Summary
Roofing remained one of the three deadliest occupations in the United States in 2024. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics counted 104 roofer-occupation fatalities (SOC 47-2181) in 2024, at a roofer fatal injury rate of 48.7 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers, behind only logging (110.4) and fishing and hunting (88.8). That rate was about 14.8 times the all-occupations rate of 3.3 and roughly 5.3 times the construction-industry rate of 9.2. Falls drove the toll: about 84 percent of roofer deaths in 2023 came from falls, slips, or trips. Federal enforcement mirrors the hazard. OSHA’s fall-protection standard, 29 CFR 1926.501, has led the agency’s most-cited list for 15 consecutive years, with roughly 5,914 citations in fiscal year 2025. The numbers improved at the margin in 2024: roofer-occupation deaths fell from 113 in 2023, and construction deaths dropped from 1,075 to 1,034. Separately, the roofing INDUSTRY (NAICS 238160) recorded 134 deaths in 2023, a broader population of all roofing-contractor employees that should not be paired with the occupation rate. Roofing still kills at a rate few occupations approach.
Five Headlines Journalists Can Use
- Roofing Stays the Third-Deadliest U.S. Job in 2024 at 48.7 Deaths per 100,000 Workers (BLS)
- A Roofer’s Fatal-Injury Risk Is Nearly 15 Times the Average Worker’s, Federal Data Show
- 84 Percent of Roofer Deaths Are Falls: The One Hazard That Defines the Trade
- Fall Protection Tops OSHA’s Most-Cited List for the 15th Straight Year
- Roofer Deaths Fell to 104 in 2024, but the Rate Still Dwarfs Construction’s
Frequently Asked Questions
How many roofers died on the job in the most recent year?
The BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries recorded 104 fatal work injuries among roofers (SOC 47-2181) in 2024 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
What is the roofer fatality rate?
The roofer-occupation fatal-injury rate (SOC 47-2181) was 48.7 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers in 2024, 51.8 in 2023, and 57.5 in 2022 (BLS CFOI). Separately, the roofing INDUSTRY (NAICS 238160) recorded 134 deaths in 2023, a broader population that should not be paired with the occupation rate.
Is roofing the deadliest job in America?
No. In 2024, roofing ranked third by fatal-injury rate, behind logging workers at 110.4 and fishing and hunting workers at 88.8 per 100,000 FTE (BLS CFOI, 2024).
What causes most roofer deaths?
Falls, slips, and trips. In 2023, about 84 percent of roofer deaths (95 of 113) were caused by falls, slips, or trips (BLS CFOI, 2023).
How does roofing compare to overall construction?
The roofing rate of 48.7 per 100,000 in 2024 was about 5.3 times the construction-industry rate of 9.2 (derived from BLS CFOI, 2024).
How many people die in construction overall?
The construction industry recorded 1,034 fatal work injuries in 2024, down from 1,075 in 2023 (BLS CFOI, 2024).
What is OSHA’s most-cited safety standard?
Fall Protection, General Requirements (29 CFR 1926.501), cited about 5,914 times in fiscal year 2025, the 15th consecutive year at number one (OSHA, FY2025).
How high can OSHA penalties go for roofing violations?
For citations issued in 2025, the maximum was $16,550 per serious violation and $165,514 per willful or repeated violation (OSHA, Penalties, 2025).
Are roofer injuries getting more or less common?
The roofer-occupation fatal-injury rate fell from 57.5 per 100,000 in 2022 to 48.7 in 2024, and the private-industry nonfatal rate fell to 2.3 per 100 workers in 2024, the lowest since 2003 (BLS CFOI; BLS SOII, 2024).
How many people work as roofers?
Roofers held about 166,700 jobs in May 2024 at a median annual wage of $50,970 (BLS OEWS, May 2024).
Cite This Research
The Roofing Brief, “Roofing Safety and Fatality Report: 2024 Federal Injury, Fatality, and OSHA Citation Data,” 2026, https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-safety-fatality-report/
Embed or use with credit: “According to The Roofing Brief’s analysis of BLS and OSHA data (2024), roofing had a fatal-injury rate of 48.7 per 100,000 workers, about 14.8 times the all-occupations rate. Source: theroofingbrief.com.”
Sources
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), reference year 2024, released February 19, 2026. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CFOI fatal-injury tables, 2024 (Table A-1 and occupation rate tables). https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2024.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CFOI, reference year 2023, Table A-1. https://www.bls.gov/iif/fatal-injuries-tables/fatal-occupational-injuries-table-a-1-2023.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Fatal falls in the construction industry in 2023,” The Economics Daily, 2025. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2025/fatal-falls-in-the-construction-industry-in-2023.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), reference year 2024, released January 22, 2026. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/osh.nr0.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, SOII Table 1, incidence rates by industry, 2023. https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2023-national.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), Roofers (47-2181), May 2024. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm
- U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Top 10 Most Frequently Cited Standards, fiscal year 2025. https://www.osha.gov/top10citedstandards
- U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Penalties. https://www.osha.gov/penalties
- U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 29 CFR 1926.501, Duty to have fall protection. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.501
- CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, “Fatal Injury Trends in the Construction Industry,” Data Bulletin, July 2024, citing BLS CFOI 2011-2022. https://www.cpwr.com/wp-content/uploads/DataBulletin-July2024.pdf
- U.S. Census Bureau, establishment and employment data for NAICS 238160, Roofing contractors, 2020 reference data. https://data.census.gov/profile/238160_-_Roofing_contractors?n=238160
- Construction Dive, “Construction’s deaths, fatality rate declined in 2024,” 2026, reporting BLS CFOI 2024. https://www.constructiondive.com/news/constructions-deaths-fatality-rate-2024-hazards/812666/
- Roofing Contractor, “Top 10 Largest Roofing-Related OSHA Penalties of 2024,” reporting OSHA enforcement actions. https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100255-top-10-largest-roofing-related-osha-penalties-of-2024
- Roofing Contractor, “Roofing Remains a Top 3 Deadliest Occupation in the U.S.,” reporting BLS CFOI. https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100253-roofing-remains-a-top-3-deadliest-occupation-in-the-us