This report profiles who installs and repairs roofs in the United States, using federal labor data on age, sex, race and ethnicity, foreign-born share, union membership, and self-employment. The strongest demographic signal is concentration: roofing is one of the most Hispanic and most foreign-born trades in an already immigrant-heavy construction sector. Roofer-specific cells in the Current Population Survey carry small-sample variance, so several figures below rely on the larger American Community Survey as restated by CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, with the source labeled for every number.
Executive Summary
- Roofers held about 166,700 jobs in the United States in 2024 (Source: U.S. BLS, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024).
- 65.2% of U.S. roofers were Hispanic or Latino in 2023, the second-highest Hispanic share of any construction occupation, behind only drywall installers (Source: CPWR Construction Chart Book, 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS 2023 1-year U.S. Census ACS).
- 67.7% of roofers were racial or ethnic minorities in 2023, against a 38.9% minority share across all construction occupations (Source: CPWR Construction Chart Book, 7th ed., 2025, citing U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS).
- Across all of construction, 29.9% of workers were foreign-born as of 2023, versus 19% of the entire U.S. civilian labor force in 2024 (Source: CPWR Construction Chart Book, 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS Census ACS and BLS, 2024).
- The union membership rate for construction and extraction occupations was 15.4% in 2024, well above the 9.9% rate for all U.S. wage and salary workers (Source: U.S. BLS, Union Members news release, 2024 data, Jan 2025).
- 22.5% of construction workers were self-employed in 2024, more than double the 10.4% self-employment rate across all industries (Source: CPWR Construction Chart Book, 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS Current Population Survey, 2024).
- Women made up 10.8% of the construction workforce in 2023 but only about 2 to 3% of roofers specifically, one of the lowest female shares of any occupation (Sources: CPWR Construction Chart Book, 7th ed., 2025; Data USA, ACS PUMS, 2024).
- The median annual wage for roofers was $50,970 in May 2024, and employment is projected to grow 6% from 2024 to 2034 (Source: U.S. BLS, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024).
Key Findings
- Roofers numbered about 166,700 in 2024, a small occupation that is roughly 1.5% of the construction and extraction workforce (Source: U.S. BLS, OOH, 2024).
- 65.2% of roofers were Hispanic or Latino in 2023, equal to about 133,500 Hispanic roofers (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS 2023 ACS).
- Drywall installers (74.3% Hispanic) and roofers (65.2%) were the two most Hispanic detailed construction occupations in 2023 (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS 2023 ACS).
- 67.7% of roofers were racial or ethnic minorities in 2023, second only to drywall installers at 71.7% (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS).
- The Hispanic share of all construction workers rose from 24.3% in 2011 to 34.0% in 2023, a 39.9% relative increase (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS ACS).
- Foreign-born workers were 29.9% of the construction workforce in 2023, up from 23.6% in 2011 (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS ACS).
- Foreign-born workers were 19% of the entire U.S. civilian labor force in 2024, and Hispanics accounted for 49% of all foreign-born workers (Source: BLS, 2024, as cited by CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025).
- The union membership rate for construction and extraction occupations was 15.4% in 2024, the highest-union trade group after education and protective service occupations (Source: U.S. BLS, Union Members news release, 2024 data).
- Only 9.9% of all U.S. wage and salary workers were union members in 2024, and just 5.9% of private-sector workers, the lowest private rate on record (Source: U.S. BLS, Union Members news release, 2024 data).
- 22.5% of construction workers were self-employed in 2024 (about 2.7 million), versus 10.4% across all industries (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS 2024).
- About 18% of roofers were self-employed, per the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook profile for the trade (Source: U.S. BLS, OOH, roofers, work-environment data).
- The average age of construction workers was 42.3 years in 2024, just under the 42.4-year average for all industries; the average roofer was younger, near 37 years (Sources: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS; Data USA, ACS PUMS, 2024).
- Women were 10.8% of construction workers in 2023 but 46.9% of all U.S. workers, the widest gender gap of any major industry group (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing U.S. Census ACS).
- In construction, 12.7% of men were union members in 2022 to 2024 versus 3.6% of women (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS).
- The median annual wage for roofers was $50,970 in May 2024, with employment projected to grow 6% and about 12,700 openings per year through 2034 (Source: U.S. BLS, OOH, 2024).
How Many Roofers, and How They Are Counted
Two federal programs count roofers differently, and the gap matters for every demographic ratio below. The BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics program, summarized in the Occupational Outlook Handbook, counted about 166,700 roofer jobs in 2024 but excludes the self-employed. Survey-based programs that include the self-employed, such as the American Community Survey, return a larger roofer count near 180,000.
| Metric | Value | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roofer jobs (wage and salary) | 166,700 | 2024 | BLS OOH |
| Roofers (incl. self-employed, ACS) | ~179,500 | 2024 | Data USA, ACS PUMS |
| Median annual wage | $50,970 | May 2024 | BLS OOH |
| Projected job growth, 2024-2034 | +6% | 2024-2034 | BLS OOH |
| Projected annual openings | ~12,700 | 2024-2034 | BLS OOH |
| Self-employed share | ~18% | OOH profile | BLS OOH |
The OEWS job count excludes self-employed roofers by design, so the true population of people who roof for a living is larger than 166,700. The roofing trade also carries one of the highest injury rates in construction: roofers recorded 43.5 back injuries per 10,000 full-time-equivalent workers, among the highest of any trade examined (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025). That risk profile is part of why federal agencies track this workforce closely.
Race and Ethnicity: One of the Most Hispanic Trades in America
Roofing sits at the top of the Hispanic-concentration ranking among construction trades. The most reliable detailed-occupation breakdown comes from the American Community Survey, which has a far larger sample than the monthly Current Population Survey and can support a stable roofer cell.
| Group | Roofers | All construction | Year / source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 65.2% | 34.0% | 2023, IPUMS ACS (CPWR) |
| Racial/ethnic minority | 67.7% | 38.9% | 2023, ACS (CPWR) |
| Hispanic roofers (count) | ~133,500 | ~3.6M Hispanic | 2023, IPUMS ACS (CPWR) |
Among construction trades ranked by Hispanic share in 2023, drywall installers led at 74.3%, followed by roofers at 65.2%, plasterers at 61.4%, and painters at 59.3% (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS 2023 ACS). Of the 31.3% of the construction workforce that was Hispanic, 61.1% reported Mexican ancestry, 3.9% Puerto Rican, and 3.3% Cuban, with the remaining 31.7% spread across other origins (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025).
A caution on roofer-specific race data. The BLS Current Population Survey Table 11 (“Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity”) publishes a women’s percentage and Black, Asian, and Hispanic shares for many occupations, but roofers are a small occupation whose race cells can fall below the threshold for reliable publication in any single year. The ACS figures above are preferred here because the ACS sample is large enough to estimate a roofer cell with less variance. Where a single-year CPS roofer cell exists, treat it as approximate.
Foreign-Born Share: A Heavily Immigrant Workforce
Roofing inherits, and amplifies, the immigrant intensity of construction overall. Direct roofer-specific foreign-born percentages are not separately published in the federal releases retrieved for this report, so the figures below describe construction as the floor for the roofing trade, which is more Hispanic and more foreign-born than the construction average.
| Population | Foreign-born share | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| All U.S. civilian labor force | 19% | 2024 | BLS (via CPWR) |
| All construction workers | 29.9% | 2023 | IPUMS ACS (CPWR) |
| All construction workers | 23.6% | 2011 | IPUMS ACS (CPWR) |
The number of foreign-born construction workers rose 52.6% from 2011 to 2023, from about 1.9 million to 2.9 million, far faster than the 24.4% increase in foreign-born employment in non-construction industries (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS ACS). On average from 2011 to 2023, 9.3% of all foreign-born workers in the country worked in construction, about 2.4 million people per year (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025). Because roofing’s Hispanic share (65.2%) is nearly double the construction average (34.0%), and Hispanics accounted for 49% of all foreign-born workers in 2024, the foreign-born share among roofers is very likely above the 29.9% construction average. This report does not assign a precise roofer foreign-born percentage because no retrieved primary table publishes one.
Sex: Roofing Is Overwhelmingly Male
Women are scarce across construction and scarcer still on roofs. Women were 10.8% of the construction workforce in 2023, compared with 46.9% of all U.S. workers (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing U.S. Census ACS). Within construction, women cluster in office and professional roles rather than the trades, so the female share among craftworkers is far below 10.8%.
For roofers specifically, ACS-based estimates put the female share at roughly 2 to 3% (Source: Data USA, ACS PUMS, 2024). That figure carries meaningful variance given how few women roof, and it should be read as “low single digits” rather than a precise point estimate. Roofing is consistently among the least female occupations in the federal occupation tables.
Age: A Comparatively Young Trade in an Aging Industry
Construction is aging, but roofing skews young. The average age of construction workers was 42.3 years in 2024, just below the 42.4-year average for all industries, and up from 41.6 years in 2011 (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS). Workers 55 and older grew from 16.9% of the construction workforce in 2011 to 21.3% in 2023 (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025).
Roofers are younger than that construction average. ACS-based estimates put the average roofer near 37 years old in 2024 (Source: Data USA, ACS PUMS, 2024). The physical demands and high injury rate of roofing, including a back-injury rate of 43.5 per 10,000 full-time-equivalent workers, contribute to a workforce that is younger on average than the trades that involve less sustained climbing and lifting (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025).
Union Membership: Low for Most Roofers, but Construction Beats the Economy
Union density in construction far exceeds the private-sector norm, yet most roofers are not union members. Construction and extraction occupations posted a 15.4% union membership rate in 2024, against 9.9% for all U.S. wage and salary workers and just 5.9% in the private sector (Source: U.S. BLS, Union Members news release, 2024 data).
| Group | Union membership rate | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| All wage and salary workers | 9.9% | 2024 | BLS Union Members |
| Private-sector workers | 5.9% | 2024 | BLS Union Members |
| Public-sector workers | 32.2% | 2024 | BLS Union Members |
| Construction and extraction occupations | 15.4% | 2024 | BLS Union Members |
| Construction industry (workers) | 10.7% | 2023 | BLS via CPWR |
Within construction, union membership rose with age and varied by sex and ethnicity. Workers 55 to 64 had the highest union rate (14.2%) during 2022 to 2024, men were union members at 12.7% versus 3.6% for women, and Black non-Hispanic workers reported the highest rate at 15.4% (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS). The most heavily unionized trades were iron and steel workers (45.3%), sheet metal workers (27.3%), and electricians (26.9%); roofers were not among the 15 occupations exceeding the construction average, so most roofers work non-union (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025). Roofers made up only 2.1% of active registered construction apprentices in 2023, far below electricians at 29.9%, a pipeline signal that formal union-linked training is thin in roofing (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing U.S. Department of Labor apprenticeship data).
Self-Employment: High in Construction, Higher Among Roofers
Construction has one of the highest self-employment rates in the economy, and roofing exceeds the construction average. In 2024, 22.5% of construction workers were self-employed (about 2.7 million), more than double the 10.4% rate across all industries (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS 2024). Most self-employed construction workers were unincorporated, including freelancers and independent contractors, at 59.3% (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025).
For roofers specifically, the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook profile reports that about 18% of roofers were self-employed (Source: U.S. BLS, OOH, roofers). Because the OEWS job count of 166,700 excludes the self-employed, adding an 18% self-employed layer is consistent with the larger ACS-based roofer population near 180,000. Self-employment in construction rises with age: 49.9% of wage-and-salary construction workers were under 40 in 2024, compared with only 27.9% of self-employed construction workers (Source: CPWR Chart Book 7th ed., 2025, citing IPUMS CPS 2024).
Original Synthesis
The three derived insights below are built only from the verified public datasets cited above. Each states its logic, inputs, and limits.
1. Roofing Hispanic-Concentration Index (vs all workers)
Logic: Divide the roofer Hispanic share by the all-workers Hispanic share to express how over-represented Hispanic workers are in roofing. Inputs: roofer Hispanic share 65.2% (CPWR/ACS 2023); construction Hispanic share 34.0% (CPWR/ACS 2023); Hispanic share of all U.S. employment is about 19% to 20% (BLS labor force composition). Result: roofing’s Hispanic share is about 3.3 times the all-workers share (65.2% divided by roughly 20%) and about 1.9 times the construction average (65.2% divided by 34.0%). Reading: roofing is one of the most Hispanic-concentrated occupations in the entire U.S. economy, not just within construction. Limits: the all-workers Hispanic denominator is an approximate BLS labor-force figure, not a single retrieved table, so treat the 3.3x multiple as approximate; the 1.9x construction multiple uses two figures from the same ACS source and is firmer.
2. Roofer Demographic Distance Score from the Construction Average
Logic: Sum the absolute gaps between roofers and all-construction on three published dimensions to show how far roofing sits from the typical construction job. Inputs (roofer vs construction): Hispanic 65.2% vs 34.0% (gap 31.2 points); minority 67.7% vs 38.9% (gap 28.8 points); female roughly 2.5% vs 10.8% (gap about 8.3 points). Result: a combined distance of about 68 percentage points across three axes, driven mostly by ethnicity. Reading: roofing is demographically distinct from construction as a whole, far more Hispanic and minority and even more male. Limits: the female roofer figure (about 2 to 3%) is ACS-estimated with variance; the score is a descriptive index, not a statistical test.
3. Labor-Pipeline Pressure Read
Logic: Combine demand growth, training thinness, and immigrant reliance to characterize the roofing labor pipeline. Inputs: projected employment growth +6% 2024-2034 with about 12,700 annual openings (BLS OOH); roofers only 2.1% of active construction apprentices in 2023 (CPWR/DOL); roofing two-thirds Hispanic (65.2%) and construction nearly 30% foreign-born (CPWR/ACS). Result: roofing must fill roughly 12,700 jobs a year while drawing from a formal apprenticeship base that gives it a small share of trained entrants, and while leaning on a Hispanic and immigrant workforce more than almost any other trade. Reading: the roofing pipeline is exposed on two fronts at once, weak formal training throughput and high dependence on immigrant labor supply, so immigration policy and informal on-the-job training, rather than union apprenticeships, are the decisive levers for roofing’s future headcount. Limits: apprenticeship share is a proxy for training throughput, not a complete measure; openings include replacement as well as growth.
Charts We Recommend
- “Most Hispanic Trades in America” bar chart. Data: Hispanic share by detailed construction occupation (drywall 74.3%, roofers 65.2%, plasterers 61.4%, painters 59.3%). Source: CPWR/ACS 2023. Insight: roofing ranks second of all trades. Citation-worthy because it places roofing in a ranked national context.
- “Roofers vs Construction vs All Workers” grouped bars. Data: Hispanic, minority, female, foreign-born, union, self-employed shares for each population. Sources: CPWR/ACS, BLS. Insight: the demographic distance of roofing from both benchmarks in one view.
- Foreign-born construction share over time, 2011-2023 line. Data: 23.6% rising to 29.9%. Source: CPWR/ACS. Insight: the immigrant intensity trend that underpins roofing supply.
- Union density ladder. Data: all workers 9.9%, private 5.9%, construction occupations 15.4%, top trades to 45.3%. Source: BLS 2024, CPWR. Insight: where roofing sits (below the construction average, non-union for most).
- Self-employment comparison. Data: roofers ~18%, construction 22.5%, all industries 10.4%. Sources: BLS OOH, CPWR/CPS. Insight: roofing’s reliance on independent contractors.
Methodology
Sources were selected for primacy and verifiability. Tier 1 federal programs (BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, BLS Union Members news release) were retrieved or confirmed first. Because roofer-specific cells in the monthly Current Population Survey Table 11 carry high variance from small sample size, and because direct BLS HTML tables were not retrievable in this environment, detailed-occupation demographics rely on the American Community Survey as compiled by CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, in its 2025 Construction Chart Book (7th edition), which itself cites IPUMS extracts of the U.S. Census ACS and CPS. ACS figures were preferred over single-year CPS roofer cells specifically because the ACS sample supports a more stable roofer estimate.
Inclusion rule: every numeric claim is tied to a named source, a year, and a geography (United States). Exclusion rule: where no retrieved primary or credible secondary table published a roofer-specific figure (notably roofer foreign-born share), this report reports the construction-wide figure as a labeled floor rather than inventing a roofer number. Conflicting counts (OEWS 166,700 excluding self-employed vs ACS ~180,000 including them) are reported side by side with the methodological reason for the gap. Derived insights in Original Synthesis use only the cited inputs, with formulas and limitations stated. Roofer race and sex percentages from survey microdata should be read as estimates with sampling variance. Last updated: June 29, 2026.
Source Quality and Tiering
- Tier 1 (primary government): U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Roofers (2024); U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Members news release (2024 data, released January 2025); BLS labor-force composition and foreign-born statistics (2024).
- Tier 1/2 (official industry research body restating primary data): CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, The Construction Chart Book, 7th edition (2025), citing IPUMS extracts of the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey and Current Population Survey, and U.S. Department of Labor apprenticeship data.
- Tier 2 (aggregator of primary microdata): Data USA, roofers occupation profile, drawn from Census ACS PUMS (2024).
Most Quotable Statistics
- “65.2% of U.S. roofers were Hispanic or Latino in 2023.” (CPWR/ACS, 2025)
- “67.7% of roofers were racial or ethnic minorities in 2023, against 38.9% across all construction.” (CPWR/ACS, 2025)
- “Foreign-born workers were 29.9% of the construction workforce in 2023, versus 19% of the entire U.S. labor force in 2024.” (CPWR/ACS; BLS, 2024)
- “The union membership rate for construction and extraction occupations was 15.4% in 2024, against 9.9% for all U.S. workers.” (BLS, 2024)
- “22.5% of construction workers were self-employed in 2024, more than double the 10.4% all-industry rate.” (CPWR/CPS, 2024)
- “Roofers were just 2.1% of active registered construction apprentices in 2023.” (CPWR/DOL, 2025)
- “Women were 10.8% of construction workers in 2023 but about 2 to 3% of roofers.” (CPWR/ACS; Data USA, 2024)
Data Limitations
Roofer-specific cells in the BLS Current Population Survey have small sample sizes that can produce volatile single-year percentages and can fall below publication thresholds for race and ethnicity; figures here lean on the larger American Community Survey for that reason. No retrieved primary table published a roofer-specific foreign-born percentage, so the 29.9% construction figure is used as a labeled floor, not a roofer estimate. Direct BLS HTML data tables were not retrievable in this environment, so detailed demographics come from CPWR’s compilation of the same underlying Census and BLS microdata, with the original source named in each citation. The OEWS roofer job count excludes the self-employed; the ACS count includes them, which explains the roughly 13,000-job gap between sources. Female and average-age roofer figures are ACS estimates carrying sampling variance and should be read as ranges.
Recommended Downloadable Dataset Fields
- occupation (Roofers, SOC 47-2181)
- year
- geography (United States)
- total_employed_oews
- total_employed_acs
- pct_hispanic
- pct_minority
- pct_female
- pct_foreign_born (occupation if available; else construction floor)
- average_age
- union_membership_rate (occupation group)
- self_employed_share
- median_annual_wage
- source_name
- source_dataset (CPS / ACS / OEWS / OOH)
- source_url
- variance_flag (high for small-sample roofer cells)
Press Summary
Roofing is one of the most Hispanic and most immigrant-reliant skilled trades in the United States. As of 2023, 65.2% of U.S. roofers were Hispanic or Latino and 67.7% were racial or ethnic minorities, against construction-wide shares of 34.0% and 38.9%, according to CPWR’s 2025 Construction Chart Book, which compiles Census American Community Survey data. Across all of construction, 29.9% of workers were foreign-born in 2023, well above the 19% foreign-born share of the entire U.S. labor force reported by BLS for 2024. Roofing is overwhelmingly male, with women estimated at only about 2 to 3% of roofers versus 10.8% of construction overall. Most roofers work non-union: construction and extraction occupations posted a 15.4% union rate in 2024, but roofers fell below the construction average and were just 2.1% of registered apprentices. About 18% of roofers are self-employed. With employment projected to grow 6% through 2034 and about 12,700 openings a year, roofing’s labor pipeline depends heavily on Hispanic and immigrant workers and on informal training rather than union apprenticeships. Figures for roofers carry sampling variance and are labeled accordingly. Last updated June 29, 2026.
Five Headlines Journalists Can Use
- Two-Thirds of America’s Roofers Are Hispanic, Federal Data Show
- Roofing Ranks Among the Most Immigrant-Reliant Trades in the U.S.
- Most Roofers Work Non-Union, Even as Construction Beats the National Union Rate
- Women Are Roughly 1 in 40 Roofers, One of the Most Male Jobs in America
- Roofing Faces 12,700 Openings a Year With a Thin Apprenticeship Pipeline
Frequently Asked Questions
How many roofers are there in the United States? About 166,700 wage-and-salary roofer jobs existed in 2024 per the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook; counts that include the self-employed reach roughly 180,000 (BLS OOH, 2024; Data USA ACS, 2024).
What share of roofers are Hispanic? 65.2% of roofers were Hispanic or Latino in 2023, the second-highest share of any construction trade (CPWR/ACS, 2025).
How does roofing compare with all of construction on ethnicity? Roofers were 65.2% Hispanic versus 34.0% across all construction in 2023 (CPWR/ACS, 2025).
What percentage of construction workers are foreign-born? 29.9% of construction workers were foreign-born in 2023, versus 19% of the entire U.S. labor force in 2024 (CPWR/ACS; BLS, 2024).
How many roofers are women? Women are estimated at about 2 to 3% of roofers, against 10.8% of construction workers overall in 2023 (Data USA ACS; CPWR, 2024-2025).
Are roofers usually union members? Most are not; construction and extraction occupations had a 15.4% union rate in 2024, and roofers fell below the construction average (BLS, 2024; CPWR, 2025).
What is the overall U.S. union membership rate? 9.9% of all wage and salary workers and 5.9% of private-sector workers were union members in 2024 (BLS, 2024).
How many roofers are self-employed? About 18% of roofers are self-employed per the BLS OOH; construction overall was 22.5% self-employed in 2024 (BLS OOH; CPWR/CPS, 2024).
How old is the average roofer? ACS estimates place the average roofer near 37 years, younger than the 42.3-year construction average in 2024 (Data USA ACS; CPWR/CPS, 2024).
Is the roofing workforce growing? Employment is projected to grow 6% from 2024 to 2034, with about 12,700 openings a year (BLS OOH, 2024).
Cite This Research
The Roofing Brief, “Roofing Workforce Demographics Report: Who Roofs America (2026)”, 2026, https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-workforce-demographics-report/
Embed or use this with credit: “Source: The Roofing Brief, Roofing Workforce Demographics Report (2026), compiling U.S. BLS and CPWR/U.S. Census ACS data.”
Sources
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Roofers, 2024. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Members news release (2024 data, released January 28, 2025). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/union2_01282025.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Table 3). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.t03.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (CPS Table 11), 2024. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm
- CPWR, The Center for Construction Research and Training, The Construction Chart Book, 7th edition, 2025. https://www.cpwr.com/wp-content/uploads/CPWR_Construction_Chart_Book-7th.pdf
- CPWR, The Construction Chart Book, 6th edition, Labor Force Characteristics chapters (foreign-born, age, women). https://www.cpwr.com/research/data-center/the-construction-chart-book/
- Data USA, Roofers occupation profile, U.S. Census ACS PUMS, 2024. https://datausa.io/profile/soc/roofers
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics, 2024-2025. https://www.bls.gov/cps/demographics/foreign-born-workers.htm
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Roofers (47-2181), May 2024. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm