Roofing sits near the bottom of the skilled trades on pay and at the very top on danger. As of May 2024, roofers earned a median annual wage of $50,970, the second lowest of the five major building trades, while the roofer fatality rate of 51.8 deaths per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers in 2023 was the highest of any construction trade and 14.8 times the rate for all U.S. workers. This briefing compares roofing against HVAC, plumbing, electrical, and painting on establishment count, wage, employment, fatality rate, and projected growth, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau data.
Executive Summary
- Roofers earned a median annual wage of $50,970 in May 2024, ranking fourth of five trades on pay, ahead of only painters at $48,660 (Source: U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- The roofer occupational fatality rate was 51.8 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) workers in 2023, the highest among the five trades and roughly 5.5 times the next-most-dangerous trade, painters at 9.4 (Source: U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- BLS counted 136,740 employed roofers in May 2024, the smallest workforce of the five trades, versus 742,580 electricians and 455,940 plumbers (Source: U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- The U.S. Census Bureau counted 24,532 roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) in 2022, fewer than electrical (81,842) and painting (37,963) contractors (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2022).
- Roofing employment is projected to grow 6 percent from 2023 to 2033, faster than the 4 percent average for all occupations but slower than electricians (11 percent) and HVAC mechanics (9 percent) (Source: U.S. BLS, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2023-33 projections).
- On a derived pay-per-unit-of-risk basis (median wage divided by fatality rate), roofing returns about $984 of median annual wage per fatality-rate point, the lowest of the five trades and roughly one-eleventh of plumbing’s $10,857 (derived from BLS OEWS May 2024 and CFOI 2023 data).
- Roofers accounted for 113 of the 5,283 total U.S. fatal work injuries recorded in 2023 (Source: U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Key Findings
- Roofers had a median annual wage of $50,970 and a mean annual wage of $57,090 in May 2024 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters had the highest median wage of the five trades at $62,970 in May 2024 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- Electricians had a median wage of $62,350 and the largest workforce at 742,580 jobs in May 2024 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- HVAC mechanics and installers had a median wage of $59,810 across 396,870 jobs in May 2024 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- Painters, construction and maintenance, had the lowest median wage at $48,660 across 224,180 jobs in May 2024 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- The roofer fatality rate of 51.8 per 100,000 FTE in 2023 was the second highest of all U.S. civilian occupations published, behind logging workers at 98.9 and ahead of fishing and hunting workers at 86.9 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- The plumber fatality rate was 5.8 per 100,000 FTE in 2023, the lowest of the five trades and 8.9 times safer than roofing (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- The HVAC fatality rate was 5.9, the electrician rate 7.6, and the painter rate 9.4 per 100,000 FTE in 2023 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- The U.S. Census Bureau counted 109,601 plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractor establishments (NAICS 238220) in 2022, the largest of the contractor industries compared here (U.S. Census Bureau, CBP, 2022).
- Electrical contractors (NAICS 238210) numbered 81,842 establishments in 2022, and painting and wall covering contractors (NAICS 238320) numbered 37,963 (U.S. Census Bureau, CBP, 2022).
- Roofing contractors (NAICS 238160) employed 204,998 workers across 24,532 establishments in 2022 (U.S. Census Bureau, CBP, 2022).
- Roofing employment is projected to grow 6 percent and plumbing 6 percent from 2023 to 2033, both classified by BLS as faster than average (U.S. BLS, OOH, 2023-33).
- Painting employment is projected to grow 4 percent from 2023 to 2033, about as fast as the all-occupation average (U.S. BLS, OOH, 2023-33).
- Total U.S. fatal work injuries fell to 5,283 in 2023, with an all-worker rate of 3.5 per 100,000 FTE (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Side-by-Side Trades Comparison
The table below aligns the five trades on the metrics that matter to anyone choosing among them or analyzing the construction labor market. Establishment counts are reported at the contractor-industry level (U.S. Census Bureau, NAICS), while wage, employment, and fatality figures are at the occupation level (U.S. BLS, SOC). The two classifications do not map one to one, so the columns should be read as parallel measures, not as a single integrated dataset. The plumbing and HVAC contractor industries are combined into one Census code (238220) and are shown together where noted.
| Trade (occupation) | Median annual wage, May 2024 | Employment, May 2024 | Fatality rate per 100,000 FTE, 2023 | Fatal injuries, 2023 | Projected growth, 2023-33 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roofers (47-2181) | $50,970 | 136,740 | 51.8 | 113 | 6% |
| Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters (47-2152) | $62,970 | 455,940 | 5.8 | 40 | 6% |
| Electricians (47-2111) | $62,350 | 742,580 | 7.6 | 73 | 11% |
| HVAC mechanics and installers (49-9021) | $59,810 | 396,870 | 5.9 | 32 | 9% |
| Painters, construction and maintenance (47-2141) | $48,660 | 224,180 | 9.4 | 47 | 4% |
| All U.S. workers (reference) | $49,500 (all occupations) | 154,187,380 (all occupations) | 3.5 | 5,283 (total) | 4% |
The pattern is consistent across columns. Roofing has the smallest occupational workforce, a below-average wage among the trades, and a fatality rate that is an order of magnitude above its peers. The reference row for all workers uses the BLS all-occupations median wage and the CFOI all-worker fatality rate to anchor the comparison (Source: U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024; U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Wages: Where Roofing Ranks
On median annual pay, roofing ranked fourth of the five trades in May 2024. Roofers earned $50,970, about 18.3 percent less than electricians ($62,350) and about 19.1 percent less than plumbers ($62,970), the highest-paid trade in the group. Only painters, at $48,660, earned less than roofers.
| Pay rank | Trade | Median annual wage, May 2024 | Mean annual wage, May 2024 | Mean hourly wage, May 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters | $62,970 | $69,940 | $33.63 |
| 2 | Electricians | $62,350 | $69,630 | $33.47 |
| 3 | HVAC mechanics and installers | $59,810 | $62,690 | $30.14 |
| 4 | Roofers | $50,970 | $57,090 | $27.45 |
| 5 | Painters, construction and maintenance | $48,660 | $53,710 | $25.82 |
These figures are national May 2024 OEWS estimates and do not adjust for hours, overtime, self-employment income, regional cost of living, or union versus nonunion status. Roofing has a high share of self-employed and seasonal workers, which the OEWS wage-and-salary survey does not fully capture, so realized annual earnings for individual roofers can differ from these medians (Source: U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
Employment and Industry Size
Roofing is the smallest of the five trades by occupational headcount and one of the smaller contractor industries by establishment count. The two measures come from different agencies and classification systems, so they are presented separately below.
| Contractor industry (NAICS) | Establishments, 2022 | Industry employment, 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors (238220) | 109,601 | 1,176,759 |
| Electrical contractors (238210) | 81,842 | 951,773 |
| Painting and wall covering contractors (238320) | 37,963 | 197,707 |
| Roofing contractors (238160) | 24,532 | 204,998 |
| Drywall and insulation contractors (238310) | 20,162 | 257,294 |
Census County Business Patterns combines plumbing and HVAC contractors into a single industry code (238220), so those two trades cannot be separated at the establishment level in this dataset. Roofing contractors numbered 24,532 establishments in 2022, fewer than electrical and painting contractors but more than drywall and insulation contractors. Establishment counts include only employer businesses and exclude nonemployer (sole-proprietor) firms, which are numerous in roofing and painting, so the true count of operating roofing businesses is higher than 24,532 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2022).
Safety: Roofing’s Defining Difference
The single largest gap between roofing and the other trades is fatality risk. In 2023, the roofer occupational fatality rate was 51.8 deaths per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers, the highest of any construction trade and the second highest of all U.S. civilian occupations for which BLS published a rate, behind logging workers at 98.9. The rate for the other four trades clustered between 5.8 and 9.4.
| Danger rank | Trade | Fatality rate per 100,000 FTE, 2023 | Fatal injuries, 2023 | Multiple of all-worker rate (3.5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Roofers | 51.8 | 113 | 14.8x |
| 2 | Painters and paperhangers | 9.4 | 47 | 2.7x |
| 3 | Electricians | 7.6 | 73 | 2.2x |
| 4 | HVAC mechanics and installers | 5.9 | 32 | 1.7x |
| 5 | Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters | 5.8 | 40 | 1.7x |
Roofing’s fatality rate was about 5.5 times the rate for painters, the next-most-dangerous trade, and about 8.9 times the rate for plumbers, the safest. The dominant cause of roofer deaths is falls from elevation, a hazard the ground-bound and indoor portions of plumbing, electrical, and HVAC work do not share to the same degree. BLS reports CFOI rates exclude workers under 16, volunteers, and resident military, and the all-worker reference rate was 3.5 per 100,000 FTE in 2023 (Source: U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023). The fishing and hunting workers comparison rate was 86.9 per 100,000 FTE in 2023 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Growth Outlook by Trade
All five trades are projected to add jobs from 2023 to 2033, but at different speeds. Electricians and HVAC mechanics lead, reflecting electrification and building-systems demand, while roofing and plumbing grow at the same 6 percent pace and painting trails at 4 percent.
| Trade | Jobs, 2023 (OOH base) | Projected growth, 2023-33 | BLS speed label |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electricians | 779,800 | 11% | Much faster than average |
| HVAC mechanics and installers | 441,200 | 9% | Much faster than average |
| Roofers | 168,100 | 6% | Faster than average |
| Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters | 473,400 | 6% | Faster than average |
| Painters, construction and maintenance | 338,900 | 4% | About as fast as average |
The OOH base-year job counts differ slightly from the OEWS May 2024 employment counts because the two BLS programs use different reference periods and methods. Both are official BLS estimates and are labeled by year here (Source: U.S. BLS, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2023-33 projections).
Original Synthesis
The three derived insights below are built only from the verified BLS and Census datasets cited above. Each states its formula, inputs, and limitations.
1. Pay-per-unit-of-risk index
Formula: median annual wage (OEWS, May 2024) divided by fatality rate (CFOI, 2023). The result is dollars of median annual wage earned per point of fatality rate. A lower value means a worker absorbs more danger for each dollar of typical pay.
| Trade | Median wage / fatality rate | Pay-per-risk index ($ per rate point) | Rank (higher is better) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plumbers | $62,970 / 5.8 | $10,857 | 1 |
| HVAC | $59,810 / 5.9 | $10,137 | 2 |
| Electricians | $62,350 / 7.6 | $8,204 | 3 |
| Painters | $48,660 / 9.4 | $5,177 | 4 |
| Roofers | $50,970 / 51.8 | $984 | 5 |
Roofing’s index of $984 is the lowest of the five trades by a wide margin, roughly one-eleventh of plumbing’s $10,857. Inputs: U.S. BLS OEWS May 2024 median wages and U.S. BLS CFOI 2023 fatality rates. Limitation: this index is an illustrative ratio, not a labor-economics risk premium. It does not capture nonfatal injury rates, hazard pay, hours worked, or the fact that wage and fatality figures come from surveys with different denominators. It is intended as a relative ranking, not an absolute valuation of life or risk.
2. Roofing’s rank-spread between pay and danger
Logic: rank each trade 1 (best) to 5 (worst) on median wage and separately on fatality rate, then compare. Roofing ranks 4th of 5 on pay (only painters earn less) and 1st of 5 on danger (the most dangerous). No other trade in the group shows this combination of below-median pay and top-of-class risk. Plumbing, by contrast, ranks 1st on pay and 5th (safest) on danger, the inverse profile. Inputs: U.S. BLS OEWS May 2024 and CFOI 2023. Limitation: rankings are ordinal and do not reflect the size of the gaps, which the pay-per-risk index above addresses.
3. Workforce-to-fatality concentration
Logic: roofers were 136,740 of the 154,187,380 U.S. workers in May 2024, under 0.1 percent of the workforce, yet recorded 113 of the 5,283 total U.S. fatal work injuries in 2023, about 2.1 percent of the national total. That is more than 20 times the share of fatalities that roofing’s workforce share alone would predict. Inputs: U.S. BLS OEWS May 2024 employment and U.S. BLS CFOI 2023 fatality counts. Limitation: OEWS employment (wage-and-salary) and CFOI deaths (all workers including self-employed) use different worker universes, so this is an approximate over-representation ratio, not an exact rate calculation. The fatality rate of 51.8 per 100,000 FTE is the methodologically sound risk measure.
Charts We Recommend
- Pay versus danger scatter: plot each trade with median wage on the x-axis and fatality rate on the y-axis. Data needed: OEWS May 2024 median wages and CFOI 2023 fatality rates. Insight: roofing is the lone outlier in the high-danger, below-median-pay quadrant. Citation-worthy because it makes the trade-off visible in one image.
- Pay-per-risk bar chart: five bars showing the pay-per-unit-of-risk index. Data needed: the derived index above. Insight: roofing’s bar is a fraction of the others. Useful for recruiting, safety, and policy discussions.
- Fatality rate versus all-worker baseline: bar chart of each trade’s rate against the 3.5 all-worker line. Source: CFOI 2023. Insight: quantifies how far roofing sits above every peer.
- Establishment count by contractor industry: bar chart of the five NAICS industries. Source: CBP 2022. Insight: where roofing sits in the contractor population.
- Projected 2023-33 growth by trade: bar chart. Source: OOH 2023-33. Insight: electrical and HVAC outpace roofing.
Methodology
Source selection prioritized primary U.S. government datasets. Wages and employment are from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program, reference period May 2024, retrieved from the official national XLSX file (national_M2024_dl.xlsx). Fatality rates and counts are from the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), reference year 2023, the most recent finalized year published. Establishment counts are from the U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns (CBP), reference year 2022, the most recent CBP vintage at the time of writing. Growth projections are from the BLS Employment Projections program and Occupational Outlook Handbook, covering 2023 to 2033.
Inclusion rule: a statistic was used only if it was retrieved from a primary BLS or Census file and could be tied to a specific occupation code (SOC) or industry code (NAICS) and a named reference year. Conflicting numbers were handled by preferring the primary file over any secondary restatement; where OOH base-year employment (2023) differs from OEWS employment (May 2024), both are reported and labeled rather than reconciled, because they come from different programs. The pay-per-risk index and over-representation ratio are clearly labeled as derived calculations.
Data limitations: OEWS wages cover wage-and-salary workers and undercount self-employed and seasonal roofing income. CBP establishment counts exclude nonemployer firms and combine plumbing with HVAC. CFOI rates and OEWS wages use different worker denominators, so cross-program ratios are approximate. All figures are national U.S. estimates and mask state and metro variation. Last updated: June 30, 2026.
Source Quality and Tiering
Tier 1 (primary government data):
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2024 national file.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2023.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections and Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2023-33.
- U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2022.
Tier 2 (credible secondary): none used; all figures in this briefing are drawn directly from Tier 1 primary files.
Tier 3 (journalism and commentary): none used for numeric claims.
Most Quotable Statistics
- Roofers had a fatality rate of 51.8 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers in 2023, 14.8 times the all-worker rate of 3.5 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- Roofing’s fatality rate was about 5.5 times that of painters, the next-most-dangerous of the five trades (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
- Roofers earned a median annual wage of $50,970 in May 2024, fourth of five trades (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
- Plumbers earned the most of the five trades at $62,970 and were among the safest at 5.8 deaths per 100,000 FTE (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024; CFOI, 2023).
- Roofing returned about $984 of median wage per fatality-rate point, the lowest pay-per-risk of the five trades (derived from U.S. BLS OEWS May 2024 and CFOI 2023).
- The U.S. Census Bureau counted 24,532 roofing contractor establishments in 2022 (U.S. Census Bureau, CBP, 2022).
- Roofers were under 0.1 percent of U.S. workers but 2.1 percent of the 5,283 fatal work injuries recorded in 2023 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024; CFOI, 2023).
Data Limitations
- OEWS wage estimates cover wage-and-salary workers and do not fully capture self-employed or seasonal roofing income.
- CBP combines plumbing and HVAC contractors into one industry code (238220) and excludes nonemployer firms.
- Occupation (SOC) and industry (NAICS) classifications do not map one to one, so establishment columns and occupation columns are parallel, not integrated.
- CFOI fatality rates and OEWS employment use different worker universes, making cross-program ratios approximate.
- All figures are national and do not reflect state, metro, or union-status variation.
- Reference years differ by dataset: wages May 2024, fatalities 2023, establishments 2022, projections 2023-33. Each is labeled at point of use.
Recommended Downloadable Dataset Fields
- trade_name
- soc_code
- median_annual_wage_2024
- mean_annual_wage_2024
- mean_hourly_wage_2024
- employment_2024
- fatality_rate_per_100k_2023
- fatal_injuries_count_2023
- projected_growth_pct_2023_33
- naics_code
- establishments_2022
- industry_employment_2022
- pay_per_risk_index
- source_and_year
Press Summary
Among the five major U.S. building trades, roofing stands out for a single reason: it pays below the middle of the pack and kills at a rate no other trade approaches. As of May 2024, roofers earned a median of $50,970, fourth of five trades, ahead of only painters. Yet in 2023 the roofer fatality rate was 51.8 per 100,000 full-time-equivalent workers, the highest of any construction trade and roughly 5.5 times that of the next-most-dangerous trade. Plumbers and electricians earned more than roofers, near $62,000 median, while dying at one-eighth to one-seventh the rate. A derived pay-per-unit-of-risk measure, median wage divided by fatality rate, puts roofing dead last at about $984 per rate point, against more than $10,000 for plumbing and HVAC. Roofing is also the smallest trade by occupational headcount at 136,740 workers, and the Census Bureau counted 24,532 roofing contractor establishments in 2022. All figures are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau.
Five Headlines Journalists Can Use
- Roofers earn less than plumbers and electricians but die at nearly eight times the rate, federal data show.
- Roofing fatality rate hit 51.8 per 100,000 in 2023, highest of any U.S. construction trade.
- Of five building trades, only painters are paid less than roofers, BLS May 2024 data show.
- Pay-per-risk math ranks roofing last among the trades by a factor of eleven.
- Roofers are under 0.1 percent of U.S. workers but accounted for 113 deaths in 2023.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much do roofers make compared to other trades?
Roofers earned a median annual wage of $50,970 in May 2024, fourth of five trades, below plumbers ($62,970), electricians ($62,350), and HVAC mechanics ($59,810), and above painters ($48,660) (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
Is roofing the most dangerous trade?
Yes among these five. The roofer fatality rate was 51.8 per 100,000 FTE in 2023, the highest of any construction trade and second highest of all civilian occupations behind logging (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Which trade is the safest?
Plumbing, with a fatality rate of 5.8 per 100,000 FTE in 2023, narrowly safer than HVAC at 5.9 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Which trade pays the most?
Plumbing, at a median annual wage of $62,970 in May 2024, just ahead of electricians at $62,350 (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
How many roofers are there in the United States?
BLS counted 136,740 employed roofers in May 2024, the smallest workforce of the five trades (U.S. BLS, OEWS, May 2024).
How many roofing companies are there?
The U.S. Census Bureau counted 24,532 roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) in 2022, excluding nonemployer firms (U.S. Census Bureau, CBP, 2022).
Is roofing a growing field?
Roofing employment is projected to grow 6 percent from 2023 to 2033, faster than the 4 percent all-occupation average but slower than electricians (11 percent) and HVAC (9 percent) (U.S. BLS, OOH, 2023-33).
How does roofing pay relative to its danger?
On a derived pay-per-unit-of-risk basis, roofing returns about $984 of median wage per fatality-rate point, the lowest of the five trades and about one-eleventh of plumbing’s $10,857 (derived from U.S. BLS OEWS May 2024 and CFOI 2023).
How many roofers die on the job each year?
Roofers accounted for 113 fatal work injuries in 2023, part of 5,283 total U.S. work fatalities that year (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Why is roofing so much more dangerous than plumbing or electrical work?
The leading cause of roofer deaths is falls from elevation, a hazard inherent to working at height that ground-level and indoor trade work does not share to the same degree; the roofer fatality rate of 51.8 in 2023 was 8.9 times the plumber rate of 5.8 (U.S. BLS, CFOI, 2023).
Cite This Research
The Roofing Brief, “Roofing vs the Other Skilled Trades: A Data Comparison of Pay, Size, and Risk, 2026”, 2026, https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-vs-other-trades-report/
Embed or use this with credit: data compiled by The Roofing Brief from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (OEWS May 2024, CFOI 2023, Employment Projections 2023-33) and U.S. Census Bureau (County Business Patterns 2022). Please link to https://theroofingbrief.com/roofing-vs-other-trades-report/.
Sources
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Roofers (47-2181), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm (national estimates file national_M2024_dl.xlsx).
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters (47-2152), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472152.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Electricians (47-2111), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers (49-9021), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes499021.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Painters, Construction and Maintenance (47-2141), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472141.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, civilian occupations with high fatal work injury rates, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/charts/census-of-fatal-occupational-injuries/civilian-occupations-with-high-fatal-work-injury-rates.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Table 4, fatal work injury rates by selected occupations, 2021-23, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.t04.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries national news release (5,283 fatal work injuries in 2023), https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Roofers, job outlook 2023-33, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters, 2023-33, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/plumbers-pipefitters-and-steamfitters.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Electricians, 2023-33, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers, 2023-33, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers.htm.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Painters, Construction and Maintenance, 2023-33, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/painters-construction-and-maintenance.htm.
- U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2022, U.S. summary by NAICS (cbp22us.txt), https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/datasets/2022/.