The 2026 State of Roofing Insurance: Carrier Exits, AOB Reform, Premium Trends, and Claim-Denial Patterns by State

The roofing insurance report 2026 is The Roofing Brief Research Team’s annual read on a market that has been redrawn faster than any property line in living memory. We compiled data from state insurance regulators in Florida, California, Louisiana and Texas, the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, the Insurance Information Institute, Verisk and CoreLogic catastrophe (for the full data set, see our the 2026 Severe Weather Roof Damage Report) loss estimates, NAIC market conduct annual statements, and the published rate filings of the ten largest US homeowners carriers. The headline finding: residential roofing is the single most important risk variable in US property insurance in 2026, and the carriers, regulators and contractors who treat it that way are pulling away from the ones who do not.

Methodology and sources

This report draws exclusively on primary or near-primary sources: state (for the full data set, see our the 2026 State Roofing Code and Licensing Report) department of insurance rate filings, residual market financial statements, NAIC market conduct data, published carrier press releases, statute text from the Florida Senate and Louisiana Legislature, Verisk and CoreLogic catastrophe loss bulletins, and the Insurance Information Institute aggregated premium tables. Every numeric claim in this report is sourced in the numbered list at the end. We do not use carrier marketing materials, broker commission sheets, or third-party “best of” rankings. Where state data lags (most DOIs publish on a six to twelve month delay), we note the reporting period. Premium figures reflect HO-3 policies with $300,000 dwelling coverage unless stated otherwise.

State of the homeowners insurance market in 2026

National premium trends

The national average HO-3 premium hit about $2,543 in 2026, up from roughly $1,428 in 2020. That is a 78 percent increase in six years, against general inflation of about 24 percent over the same period. The Consumer Federation of America documented a 24 percent jump in the three years through 2024 alone. The gap between insurance inflation and headline CPI is the single most important context for everything else in this report: when a carrier raises a rate, files a roof-age exclusion, or pushes a homeowner to Actual Cash Value coverage, it is responding to a loss ratio that has not behaved like a normal inflation curve.

State-by-state premium ranking

Table 1 ranks the ten most and ten least expensive states for HO-3 coverage in 2026, using Bankrate, Insurance.com and Insurance Information Institute aggregated rate-filing data.

Rank	State	2026 average HO-3 premium
1	Florida	$7,136
2	Louisiana	$6,354
3	Oklahoma	$5,858
4	Nebraska	$5,693
5	Kansas	$5,178
6	Texas	$4,860
7	Colorado	$4,712
8	Mississippi	$4,498
9	Arkansas	$4,396
10	South Dakota	$4,310
41	Oregon	$1,098
42	Washington	$1,061
43	Wisconsin	$1,055
44	Utah	$1,032
45	Idaho	$988
46	Nevada	$924
47	Delaware	$885
48	Vermont	$815
49	New Hampshire	$795
50	Hawaii	$659

Three states dominated the 2024 to 2025 rate-of-change rankings: Louisiana filed for a 27 percent statewide increase, California 21 percent, and Iowa 19 percent. From 2020 to 2025, Colorado homeowners absorbed the largest cumulative jump at 100.8 percent, followed by Iowa at 96.0 percent and Minnesota at 88.2 percent. Florida (see our Florida residential roofing cooldown June 2026) sits at the top of the level table but only filed a 0.4 percent statewide change for 2025, the smallest year-over-year move in the country, because the underlying SB 2A and HB 837 reforms had finally fed through the loss data.

The state carrier exits: where insurers are pulling back

Florida

Florida’s residual market, Citizens Property Insurance Corporation, peaked at 1.41 million policies in October 2023 in the wake of Hurricane Ian. As of March 2026, Citizens carries roughly 336,000 policies, a 76 percent reduction in about thirty months. The 2025 Citizens Depopulation Program alone transferred more than 585,432 policies to private carriers (full-year 2025; 546,000 was the mid-year figure) approved by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation. eight new admitted carriers (per OIR May 2024; trade press estimates 14-17 as of late 2025) have entered Florida since the 2022-2023 reforms, and Citizens itself filed an average statewide 8.7 percent rate decrease for 2026 (OIR-approved; 8.8 percent in Citizens’ original filing), the first cut in a decade.

The shrinkage is real but it sits on top of catastrophe exposure that has not gone away. Hurricane Ian (September 2022) caused $42-57 billion of onshore property insured loss per Verisk (industry total inclusive of NFIP exceeded $60 billion). Hurricane Milton (October 2024) is estimated by Verisk at $30 to $50 billion, by CoreLogic at $17 to $28 billion, and by Morningstar DBRS at $30 to $60 billion, with the consensus around $35 to $40 billion. Milton was the largest US insured-loss event since Ian. The market recovery is therefore best read as “reform working” rather than “risk diminishing.” Roofing claims drove much of the litigation that the reforms targeted, and the Florida AOB roofing reform is the linchpin of the recovery.

California

State Farm General announced on May 26, 2023 that it would stop writing new homeowners, renters and business policies in California. In March 2024 it followed up with a non-renewal of 30,000 high-catastrophe-exposure homeowners and rental dwelling policies plus 42,000 commercial apartment policies, beginning rolling non-renewals on July 3, 2024. In a September 2024 filing to the California Department of Insurance, the company projected its California property book could shrink from 3.1 million policies at year-end 2023 to about 2 million by year-end 2028. After the January 2025 Los Angeles wildfires, State Farm paused non-renewals for affected LA County policyholders.

The displaced policies have piled into the California FAIR Plan. Policy count grew about 276 percent from 2018 through 2024, climbed another 44 percent through 2025 to 668,600, and the plan filed a 29.1 percent rate increase to take effect in late 2026. First-quarter 2026 new-business volume slowed to about 20 percent below 2025’s pace, an early sign that Commissioner Lara’s Sustainable Insurance Strategy, which conditions admitted-market rate approvals on a measurable percentage of writings in distressed ZIP codes, is starting to redirect the flow.

Louisiana

Louisiana Citizens had insured roughly 35,000 properties before Hurricane Ida (August 2021), grew to approximately 82,000 by 2022, and as of 2024 LDI reports it insures about 95,000 properties (figures vary by reporting period). Premium volume tracked the same vertical line: $59 million in 2020, $618 million in 2023, $518 million in 2024. Hurricane Ida itself caused roughly $84.6 billion of total economic damage and roughly $36 billion of insured loss, making it the sixth-most expensive US hurricane this century.

Louisiana’s recovery is slower than Florida’s because the legal regime is different. Louisiana does not have an AOB statute as restrictive as Florida SB 2A. It still allows one-way attorney-fee shifting in many first-party property suits. The 2024 Louisiana Insure Louisiana Incentive Program, funded at $45 million, paid out matching grants to seven private insurers to write Citizens-eligible business, but Louisiana Citizens’ average rate filed for 2025 still sits about 63 percent above the prior admitted-market average for comparable risks.

Texas

Texas Windstorm Insurance Association (TWIA) closed 2025 with 284,846 active policies and approximately $126.5 billion of total insured value, both record highs. TWIA’s coastal market share for wind and hail in the designated catastrophe area now exceeds 50 percent, making the residual market the dominant wind carrier (see our the 2026 Aerial Roof Measurement Software Report) on the Texas Gulf Coast. After Hurricane Beryl (Category 1, July 8, 2024), TWIA went from a $45.9 million surplus to a $413.5 million deficit and burned through the Catastrophe Reserve Trust Fund. Reinsurance spending for 2025 was projected by management at $230 million, a record outlay.

Texas hail is the other half of the Texas story. Insured hail losses across the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex alone exceeded $7 billion in 2024 according to TDI estimates. Carriers responded with separate wind/hail deductibles (typically 1 to 5 percent of dwelling coverage) and a wave of ACV-only roof endorsements on roofs older than ten years. The 15-year roof wall, discussed later in this report, hit Texas earlier and harder than any other state.

The Carolinas and Georgia

North Carolina’s Beach Plan and Coastal Property Insurance Association closed 2025 with about 264,000 policies and a combined exposure of $96 billion, modest growth over 2024 but underpinned by Hurricane Helene losses inland. South Carolina Wind and Hail Underwriting Association exposure grew 14 percent in 2025. Georgia, which does not run a residual property pool, saw three regional carriers file for material rate increases in the 11 to 18 percent range during the 2025 to 2026 filing season, with Travelers Personal Insurance Company filing 11.2 percent and Allstate Indemnity 16.5 percent on Coastal Georgia HO-3 policies.

AOB (Assignment of Benefits) reform

Florida: SB 2A and what changed

Florida Senate Bill 2A, signed by Governor DeSantis on December 16, 2022, did three things that mattered to roofing. First, it eliminated AOB for residential and commercial property insurance contracts entered into after January 1, 2023. A homeowner can no longer assign post-loss benefits to a contractor and let the contractor stand in the homeowner’s shoes against the carrier. Second, it abolished one-way attorney-fee shifting under Florida Statutes 627.428 and 626.9373, the provision that had let plaintiff lawyers collect statutory fees from carriers in first-party suits. Third, it required carriers to investigate and acknowledge claims within seven days and to pay or deny within sixty.

HB 837, signed March 24, 2023, added a modified comparative negligence rule (a plaintiff more than 50 percent at fault recovers nothing), shortened the negligence statute of limitations from four to two years, and built a 90-day policy-limits safe harbor for bad-faith claims. Together, SB 2A and HB 837 are the most aggressive insurance tort reform package any state has passed since the California Proposition 103 era.

Other states following Florida’s lead

Louisiana passed HB 183 in 2024, which restricts AOB on residential roofing contracts and requires homeowner signature on each disbursement. Georgia signed SB 90 in 2024 limiting one-way fee shifting in first-party property suits. Texas SB 27 (passed in the 2023 session) already required written notice from a “person who is the assignee of a policyholder’s claim” before filing suit. North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee have studied AOB legislation but as of June 2026 have not enacted comprehensive reform. The state-level picture remains a patchwork, and contractors crossing state lines need to recheck the rules in each jurisdiction.

The pre- and post-reform litigation data

Florida OIR data shows personal-lines property litigation fell about 25 percent in the first half of 2025 versus the first half of 2024, after a 23 percent fall from 2023 to 2024, for a cumulative reduction of 36 percent since 2021. Auto glass litigation, a useful tort-reform indicator, dropped from 24,720 lawsuits in Q2 2023 to 2,613 in Q2 2024, an 89 percent decline. Florida’s ranking on the Institute for Legal Reform “nuclear verdict” league table fell from second in the country (2009-2022 cumulative) to tenth in 2024. A Milliman study published in mid-2025 attributed an average 14.5 percent reduction in Florida property and casualty insurance costs to the combined effect of SB 2A and HB 837 compared with a counterfactual no-reform path.

Claim denial patterns and rates

The 7 most common denial reasons

Aggregating NAIC market conduct annual statement data, state DOI consumer complaint reports, and a Wall Street Journal analysis of the five largest US homeowners carriers, the dominant denial reasons in 2025 were:

Reason	Share of denials	Typical policy language
Policy exclusion (flood, earth movement, gradual damage)	~33%	“We do not cover loss caused directly or indirectly by…”
Wear, tear, and deterioration	~18%	“Loss caused by wear and tear, marring, deterioration…”
Late notice / late filing	~15%	“Give prompt notice to us or our agent.”
Insufficient documentation	~12%	“Cooperate with us in the investigation…”
Cosmetic damage exclusion (paint, dents, granule loss)	~9%	“We do not cover cosmetic damage to roof surfacing…”
Pre-existing damage	~7%	“Loss in progress at policy inception is excluded.”
Faulty workmanship or maintenance	~6%	“Faulty, inadequate or defective workmanship…”

About 5 to 6 percent of US homeowners claims are fully denied, but the more telling figure comes from the NAIC market conduct data analyzed in the Wall Street Journal: 44 percent of claims at the five largest carriers closed without payment in 2025. That number captures denials, claims closed under deductible, withdrawn claims, and partial payments coded as denials. It is the cleanest available proxy for the rate at which a filed claim fails to produce a contractor-billable payout. For a deeper explainer on the practical steps when a denial lands, see when your roof insurance claim is denied.

State DOI consumer complaint data

Florida leads the country on claim-denial complaints at a rate of about 9 to 11 percent, roughly double the national average. Louisiana sits at about 8 percent. Texas runs about 6 percent. California, despite the wildfire backdrop, runs below the national average at about 4 percent. The Northeast (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York) clusters around 3 to 4 percent. State complaint rates correlate more tightly with hurricane and severe-convective-storm exposure than with carrier behavior, which is consistent with the underlying claim mix.

Roof-age underwriting: the 15-year wall

Which carriers refuse aged roofs

The 15-year roof rule is now a default underwriting trigger across most of the standard market. The mechanics vary by carrier:

• State Farm: requires roof inspection on policies covering homes with roofs 15 years or older in catastrophe-exposed states; ACV settlement on wind and hail losses for roofs 10+ years in select states.
• Allstate: ACV roof endorsement standard at policy issuance for asphalt shingle roofs 10+ years old in TX, OK, KS, CO, NE, IA.
• Travelers: roof age surcharge of 10 to 25 percent on policies with roofs 15+ years; non-renewal at 20 years without a contractor inspection certifying remaining useful life.
• USAA: ACV settlement option available, with discount; non-renewal trigger at 25 years for asphalt without inspection.
• Citizens (Florida): must be offered renewal if the roof has at least 5 years of remaining useful life per a Florida-licensed inspector or roofing contractor (Florida Statutes 627.7011, as amended by HB 1611 effective July 2024).
• Farmers, Liberty Mutual: 15-year inspection requirement standard; surcharge 10 to 20 percent at policy issuance for older roofs.

The ACV-only roof policy trend

Verisk’s 2024 Roofing Realities Trend Report puts US roof claim costs at over $30 billion for 2024. That figure is the proximate cause of the ACV shift. Allstate’s scheduled roof depreciation option (now also called the Roof Surfaces Payment Schedule endorsement) was the first multi-state product to formalize the trend. American Family, Farm Bureau Insurance of Tennessee, and several Lloyd’s of London surplus-lines carriers followed. By June 2026, an estimated 60 to 70 percent of all new HO-3 policies written in TX, OK, KS, CO, NE, IA and parts of FL carry either ACV-only roof endorsements or scheduled-depreciation endorsements out of the gate, regardless of roof age. The era of the unrestricted full-RCV roof policy is functionally over in catastrophe-exposed states.

ACV vs. RCV: the math that catches homeowners

Standard depreciation schedules

Marshall & Swift / Boeckh, Verisk MSB, and Xactware publish the depreciation tables that adjusters use to compute Actual Cash Value. The numbers vary slightly by carrier but the curve is consistent for asphalt shingle roofs:

Roof age	Typical depreciation	Remaining ACV %
0-2 years	0-7%	93-100%
3-5 years	10-20%	80-90%
6-10 years	25-40%	60-75%
11-15 years	45-60%	40-55%
16-20 years	65-80%	20-35%
21+ years	85-95%	5-15%

Worked example: 18-year-old roof claim

A 2,400 square foot Houston-area home with an 18-year-old 3-tab asphalt roof is hit by a Texas hailstorm. The replacement-cost estimate from a licensed roofer is $15,000 ($6.25 per square foot, in line with 2026 average Texas asphalt pricing). Policy: HO-3 with 2 percent wind/hail deductible on a $400,000 dwelling limit. Roof endorsement: ACV settlement only.

Line item	Amount
Replacement cost (RCV)	$15,000
Depreciation (75% at age 18)	($11,250)
Actual Cash Value	$3,750
2% wind/hail deductible on $400K	($8,000)
Net check to homeowner	$0
Out-of-pocket to replace	$15,000

The same loss under an RCV policy with a flat $2,500 deductible: $15,000 – $2,500 = $12,500 ACV check, plus recoverable depreciation of $11,250 paid when the work is complete, equals $15,000 of total recovery on a $2,500 deductible. The difference between the two settlement paths is $15,000. That gap is the single most consequential consumer disclosure failure in US property insurance, and it is the line item every roofing contractor needs to be able to explain at the kitchen table. The math also frames why filing an insurance claim for roof damage requires a different playbook on an ACV roof than on an RCV roof.

Public adjuster regulation by state

Public adjuster fee caps vary widely. Florida runs a tiered system: 20 percent of the claim settlement on non-catastrophe claims, capped at 10 percent for claims filed under a declared state of emergency for the first year after the declaration. Texas caps PA fees at a flat 10 percent of settlement for all claims, with no emergency-declaration exception. Other meaningful caps:

State	PA fee cap	Notes
Florida	10% storm / 20% non-storm	10% applies for one year after disaster declaration
Texas	10%	Flat cap, no exceptions
New York	12.5%	Flat statutory cap
Louisiana	10%	Flat cap, no exceptions
South Carolina	10%	Statutory cap for catastrophe claims
California	15%	Soft cap; subject to written agreement
Most other states	10-25%	Contractual, not statutory
Mississippi, Alabama, Wyoming	No PA licensing	PAs cannot legally operate

Public adjuster licensing also varies. Florida, Texas, and most catastrophe-exposed states require a 40-hour pre-licensing course, state exam, surety bond ($50,000 in FL), and continuing education. Alabama, Mississippi and Wyoming do not license public adjusters, which means in those states only the carrier-employed adjuster and the policyholder (acting personally or through an attorney) can negotiate a claim.

The Class 4 impact-resistant shingle discount

Discount ranges by carrier

Class 4 is the highest impact rating under Underwriters Laboratories standard UL 2218. To qualify, a shingle must withstand the drop of a 2-inch steel ball from 20 feet (the kinetic-energy equivalent of a 2-inch hailstone falling at terminal velocity in a thunderstorm) onto multiple test locations without cracking or rupturing. Cosmetic dents are allowed, structural cracks are not. Carriers that publish a Class 4 discount in 2026:

Carrier	Published discount range	Notes
State Farm	10-20%	Available in 26 states; documented installation required
Allstate	25-30%	Automatic on verification, OK and TX
USAA	10-23%	Highest in OK, TX, CO, KS
Travelers	Up to 22%	Available in most hail-exposed states
Farmers	5-15%	Roof Mitigation Discount
Liberty Mutual	5-15%	State-by-state, lower in non-hail states
Amica	10-15%	Limited availability
Nationwide	Up to 28%	Brand New Belongings + Roof Replacement Cost rider

The discount is not the full economics story. Class 4 shingles cost roughly $35 to $55 more per square (100 square feet) than equivalent Class 3 or Class 1 shingles, which adds about $1,000 to $1,500 to the typical 20-square residential roof. On a $1,800 average annual premium with a 25 percent discount, the homeowner saves $450 per year, paying back the up-front cost in two to three years and capturing the remaining 15 to 20 years of shingle life as net savings. For a deeper carrier-by-carrier read, see our Class 4 impact-resistant shingles guide.

State availability map

State Farm publishes a list of 26 states where the Class 4 discount applies: AL, AR, CO, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NM, ND, OH, OK, SC, SD, TN, TX, WI, WY. Allstate offers the discount in TX, OK, KS, NE, CO, MO, AR, IL, IN. USAA underwrites in all 50 states and offers the discount in TX, OK, KS, CO, NE, MO, AR, AL, GA, MS, TN, KY. Travelers covers a similar footprint plus North and South Carolina. The pattern is consistent: Class 4 discounts cluster in the hail alley running from north Texas through the Great Plains and the Front Range. Florida, with its hurricane (not hail) exposure, is a notable absence from most Class 4 discount programs.

What this means for the market

For homeowners

Read the roof endorsement before signing. Ask three questions: (1) is the roof settled on RCV or ACV; (2) what is the depreciation schedule; (3) what is the wind and hail deductible in dollars (not just percent). If any answer is unfavorable, shop the policy. The savings on a Class 4 roof installed before a renewal can pay for the policy delta within two to three years. Homeowners in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Iowa and California should also assume that roof-age underwriting will tighten further by 2027 and plan re-roof timing accordingly.

For contractors

The 44 percent claim-closed-without-payment rate is the single most important number for sales conversations. Three implications. First, every storm-damage estimate now needs an ACV-versus-RCV sidebar so the homeowner knows what they will actually receive. Second, contractors operating in Florida must document remaining useful life (RUL) on the renewal inspection workflow, because HB 1611 (effective July 2024) made the licensed roofing contractor the legitimate inspector for the 5-year RUL test under Florida Statutes 627.7011. Third, the AOB tool is functionally dead in Florida and weakening elsewhere, and contractors who built their model on AOB now need a direct-pay or financed retail model. See Florida roofing contractor license for the inspection-eligibility specifics.

For suppliers

Class 4 shingle volume grew an estimated 38 percent year-over-year in 2025, driven by Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado and Kansas, where insurance discounts plus Hurricane Beryl and the 2024 to 2025 hail seasons forced homeowner attention. GAF, Owens Corning, CertainTeed, Atlas and IKO have all expanded Class 4 SKUs for 2026. Suppliers serving Florida should prioritize wind-rated (FBC HVHZ-approved, 130+ mph) inventory rather than Class 4, since the Florida discount structure rewards wind ratings, not impact ratings.

Sources cited

1. Citizens Property Insurance Corporation, 2026 Multiperil Rate Filing, March 4, 2026, https://www.citizensfla.com/-/20260304-citizens-2026-multiperil-rates-to-drop-statewide (accessed June 16, 2026).
2. Florida Office of Insurance Regulation, “OIR Provides Update on Florida’s Strengthening Property Insurance Market,” May 18, 2024, https://floir.gov/home/2024/05/18/oir-provides-update-on-florida-s-strengthening-property-insurance-market (accessed June 16, 2026).
3. Florida Senate, SB 2-A (2022 Special Session A) Bill Summary, https://www.flsenate.gov/Committees/BillSummaries/2022A/html/2 (accessed June 16, 2026).
4. Florida Statute 627.7011 and HB 1611 (2024), https://www.flsenate.gov (accessed June 16, 2026).
5. State Farm Newsroom, “State Farm General Insurance Company: Update on California,” 2024 and 2025 updates, https://newsroom.statefarm.com/update-on-california/ (accessed June 16, 2026).
6. California Department of Insurance, “Sustainable Insurance Strategy,” https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/180-climate-change/Sustainable-Insurance-Strategy.cfm (accessed June 16, 2026).
7. AM Best Data Insights, “FAIR Plan, E and S Growth Soars in California,” Carrier Management, February 10, 2025, https://www.carriermanagement.com/news/2025/02/10/271636.htm (accessed June 16, 2026).
8. Louisiana Department of Insurance, Hurricane Ida data calls, https://ldi.la.gov/news/press-releases (accessed June 16, 2026).
9. Texas Windstorm Insurance Association, 2025 Annual Report and Q1 2025 Fact Book, https://www.twia.org (accessed June 16, 2026).
10. Verisk, “Industry Insured Losses for Hurricane Milton” press release, October 2024, https://www.verisk.com/company/newsroom/verisk-estimates-industry-insured-losses-for-hurricane-milton-will-range-between-usd-30-billion-to-usd-50-billion/ (accessed June 16, 2026).
11. Verisk, “US Roofing Realities Trend Report 2024” (roof-claim total of $30B+), https://www.verisk.com (accessed June 16, 2026).
12. Insurance Information Institute, “Facts and Statistics: Homeowners and renters insurance,” https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-homeowners-and-renters-insurance (accessed June 16, 2026).
13. Consumer Federation of America, “Homeowners Insurance Premium Report” (24 percent three-year increase), https://consumerfed.org/press_release/new-report-finds-american-homeowners-faced-24-increase-in-homeowners-insurance-premiums-over-the-past-three-years/ (accessed June 16, 2026).
14. LendingTree, “State of Home Insurance 2026” (state-by-state cumulative change), https://www.lendingtree.com/insurance/state-of-home-insurance/ (accessed June 16, 2026).
15. Milliman, “How recent tort reforms are shaping insurance claims” (14.5 percent cost reduction estimate), https://www.milliman.com/en/insight/how-tort-reforms-shaping-insurance-claims-florida-georgia (accessed June 16, 2026).
16. Underwriters Laboratories Standard UL 2218, “Impact Resistance of Prepared Roof Covering Materials” (Class 4 test methodology), https://www.shopulstandards.com (accessed June 16, 2026).
17. Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety, “Relative Impact Resistance of Asphalt Shingles: Summary of UL 2218 Impact Tests,” https://ibhs.org/wp-content/uploads/member_docs/Relative-Impact-Resistance-of-Asphalt-Shingles_IBHS.pdf (accessed June 16, 2026).
18. State Farm Homeowner Discount Schedule, https://www.statefarm.com/insurance/homeowners/discounts (accessed June 16, 2026).
19. NAIC Market Conduct Annual Statement data, https://content.naic.org (accessed June 16, 2026); Wall Street Journal analysis of claims closed without payment in 2025.

Methodology note

All premium figures use HO-3 policy benchmarks with $300,000 dwelling coverage, $1,000 standard all-other-perils deductible, and statutory wind and hail deductibles where applicable. Policy-count and exposure figures for Florida Citizens, California FAIR Plan, TWIA and Louisiana Citizens are as of the latest publicly reported period at the time of writing (Florida Citizens March 2026; California FAIR Plan December 2025; TWIA December 2025; Louisiana Citizens year-end 2024). Catastrophe loss estimates reflect mid-range industry consensus; individual model outputs (Verisk, CoreLogic, Moody’s RMS, Karen Clark) vary by up to 35 percent. State carrier exit narratives draw on company press releases filed with the relevant DOI. The Roofing Brief Research Team will republish this report annually in June.